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1. Introduction This paper focuses on the variations in time and space of turbulence observations in large cities with high building densities and many tall skyscrapers. Emphasis is on the Midtown 2005 field experiment (MID05) in Manhattan, New York ( Allwine and Flaherty 2007 ). The observations are made using sonic anemometers at heights of a few meters above street level and at a few rooftop locations. Hanna et al. (2007) presented the results of analysis of similar street-level and
1. Introduction This paper focuses on the variations in time and space of turbulence observations in large cities with high building densities and many tall skyscrapers. Emphasis is on the Midtown 2005 field experiment (MID05) in Manhattan, New York ( Allwine and Flaherty 2007 ). The observations are made using sonic anemometers at heights of a few meters above street level and at a few rooftop locations. Hanna et al. (2007) presented the results of analysis of similar street-level and
subject of validation efforts within our group for several years. A few recent field experiments have included the release of environmentally safe, inert, tracer gases in urban environments. For example, tracer gases were released in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 2000 in a field experiment referred to as Urban 2000 ( Allwine et al. 2002 ) and were released during the Mock Urban Setting Test (MUST) at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah ( Biltoft 2002 ). An important use of the data collected during these field
subject of validation efforts within our group for several years. A few recent field experiments have included the release of environmentally safe, inert, tracer gases in urban environments. For example, tracer gases were released in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 2000 in a field experiment referred to as Urban 2000 ( Allwine et al. 2002 ) and were released during the Mock Urban Setting Test (MUST) at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah ( Biltoft 2002 ). An important use of the data collected during these field
Williams Flats fire in Washington State as part of the 2019 FIREX-AQ field experiment. NASA’s DC-8 Flying Laboratory operated in the upper troposphere, within the upper portion of three ice-capped convective columns, or pyroCb pulses. A wide variety of in situ measurements were obtained in 11 transects that include active pyroCb cloud tops, fresh smoke outflow immediately downwind of the fire, and a detached pyroCb anvil 80–100 km downwind. Cloud probe measurements, airborne lidar, and ground
Williams Flats fire in Washington State as part of the 2019 FIREX-AQ field experiment. NASA’s DC-8 Flying Laboratory operated in the upper troposphere, within the upper portion of three ice-capped convective columns, or pyroCb pulses. A wide variety of in situ measurements were obtained in 11 transects that include active pyroCb cloud tops, fresh smoke outflow immediately downwind of the fire, and a detached pyroCb anvil 80–100 km downwind. Cloud probe measurements, airborne lidar, and ground
dropsonde measurements of wind, pressure, temperature, and moisture) were included in some parallel runs via a modified telescoping Barnes scheme. The vertical resolution of the LAPS analyses was 25 hPa. During the field experiment, the NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory (now the Global Systems Division of the ESRL) provided real-time mesoscale numerical model guidance to the IHOP_2002 operations center from multiple advanced modeling systems with the goal of assessing their performance in a quasi
dropsonde measurements of wind, pressure, temperature, and moisture) were included in some parallel runs via a modified telescoping Barnes scheme. The vertical resolution of the LAPS analyses was 25 hPa. During the field experiment, the NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory (now the Global Systems Division of the ESRL) provided real-time mesoscale numerical model guidance to the IHOP_2002 operations center from multiple advanced modeling systems with the goal of assessing their performance in a quasi
discussion to the data management aspects of the IFloodS campaign cyberinfrastructure. Other aspects, such as selection of the sensors and their deployment, data transmission modes, relevant atmospheric and hydrologic models, and data analyses are described in other papers included in this special collection. The GPM Ground Validation (GV) program has conducted a series of field experiments approximately once per year since 2010, as shown in Table 1 . Informatics experts at the Global Hydrology Resource
discussion to the data management aspects of the IFloodS campaign cyberinfrastructure. Other aspects, such as selection of the sensors and their deployment, data transmission modes, relevant atmospheric and hydrologic models, and data analyses are described in other papers included in this special collection. The GPM Ground Validation (GV) program has conducted a series of field experiments approximately once per year since 2010, as shown in Table 1 . Informatics experts at the Global Hydrology Resource
insurance. The same authors claimed that ambiguity and risk preference are two independent concepts, while most decision-makers are risk seekers and ambiguity averse. Desrochers and Outreville (2013) evaluated the effects of risk preferences on willingness to participate in a rural environment protection scheme and found that farmers supported using that scheme as a tool for risk management. Unlike laboratory experiments, field experiments have the advantage of accessing the true targets of the
insurance. The same authors claimed that ambiguity and risk preference are two independent concepts, while most decision-makers are risk seekers and ambiguity averse. Desrochers and Outreville (2013) evaluated the effects of risk preferences on willingness to participate in a rural environment protection scheme and found that farmers supported using that scheme as a tool for risk management. Unlike laboratory experiments, field experiments have the advantage of accessing the true targets of the
the SEB observed in COSMO were compared with those observed in other long-term field experiments. The current availability of datasets appropriate for studying the SEB of a city is limited. The pioneering study of Grimmond and Oke (1999) examined the urban SEB obtained from seven cities within a 30°-wide latitude band in North America. These cities encompassed a wide variety of climates, geometries, and surface covers. However, all of their datasets were obtained from short-term observations, as
the SEB observed in COSMO were compared with those observed in other long-term field experiments. The current availability of datasets appropriate for studying the SEB of a city is limited. The pioneering study of Grimmond and Oke (1999) examined the urban SEB obtained from seven cities within a 30°-wide latitude band in North America. These cities encompassed a wide variety of climates, geometries, and surface covers. However, all of their datasets were obtained from short-term observations, as
barrier jets typically occur when there is an upper-level trough over the Aleutian Islands and a ridge over western Canada, which favors low-level southerly flow impinging toward the Alaskan coastal terrain ( Colle et al. 2006 ). The mesoscale structure of barrier jets in southeast Alaska was investigated using research aircraft measurements collected during the Southeastern Alaskan Regional Jets (SARJET) experiment between 24 September and 21 October 2004 ( Fig. 1 ; Winstead et al. 2006 ). SARJET
barrier jets typically occur when there is an upper-level trough over the Aleutian Islands and a ridge over western Canada, which favors low-level southerly flow impinging toward the Alaskan coastal terrain ( Colle et al. 2006 ). The mesoscale structure of barrier jets in southeast Alaska was investigated using research aircraft measurements collected during the Southeastern Alaskan Regional Jets (SARJET) experiment between 24 September and 21 October 2004 ( Fig. 1 ; Winstead et al. 2006 ). SARJET
barrier jets typically occur when there is an upper-level trough over the Aleutian Islands and a ridge over western Canada, which favors low-level southerly flow impinging toward the Alaskan coastal terrain ( Colle et al. 2006 ). The mesoscale structure of barrier jets in southeast Alaska was investigated using research aircraft measurements collected during the Southeastern Alaskan Regional Jets (SARJET) experiment between 24 September and 21 October 2004 ( Fig. 1 ; Winstead et al. 2006 ). SARJET
barrier jets typically occur when there is an upper-level trough over the Aleutian Islands and a ridge over western Canada, which favors low-level southerly flow impinging toward the Alaskan coastal terrain ( Colle et al. 2006 ). The mesoscale structure of barrier jets in southeast Alaska was investigated using research aircraft measurements collected during the Southeastern Alaskan Regional Jets (SARJET) experiment between 24 September and 21 October 2004 ( Fig. 1 ; Winstead et al. 2006 ). SARJET
paper is to use a VPR and RG network deployed by MAGIM to investigate the possible small-scale spatial structure and variability of the rainfall field within a geostationary satellite IR pixel size (~9 km, corresponding to a 5-km subsatellite point resolution at 43°N) in the Xilin River catchment, which is a midlatitude semiarid area ( Fig. 1 ). Section 2 presents an overview of the field experiment, including descriptions of the instruments and their calibration, the experimental setup, the local
paper is to use a VPR and RG network deployed by MAGIM to investigate the possible small-scale spatial structure and variability of the rainfall field within a geostationary satellite IR pixel size (~9 km, corresponding to a 5-km subsatellite point resolution at 43°N) in the Xilin River catchment, which is a midlatitude semiarid area ( Fig. 1 ). Section 2 presents an overview of the field experiment, including descriptions of the instruments and their calibration, the experimental setup, the local
