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1998 ). The microscale mechanisms involved in the formation of freezing rain are well understood (e.g., Brooks 1920 ; Stewart 1985 ; Czys et al. 1996 ; Thériault et al. 2010 ; Stewart et al. 2015 ). Freezing rain is most commonly produced when snow, generated aloft, falls through a sufficiently deep layer of above-freezing air to completely melt the hydrometeors. The liquid precipitation then continues to fall through a surface-based subfreezing layer that supercools the hydrometeors, which
1998 ). The microscale mechanisms involved in the formation of freezing rain are well understood (e.g., Brooks 1920 ; Stewart 1985 ; Czys et al. 1996 ; Thériault et al. 2010 ; Stewart et al. 2015 ). Freezing rain is most commonly produced when snow, generated aloft, falls through a sufficiently deep layer of above-freezing air to completely melt the hydrometeors. The liquid precipitation then continues to fall through a surface-based subfreezing layer that supercools the hydrometeors, which
changes is of great importance to stakeholders. Though several studies have examined these events in climate model output, a great deal of uncertainty remains in these projections. One of the key uncertainties that has yet to be fully explored is that associated with the method used to identify freezing rain in model output, namely the selection of precipitation-type algorithms that use differing criteria to detect freezing rain. Two mechanisms can lead to freezing rain formation. The classical
changes is of great importance to stakeholders. Though several studies have examined these events in climate model output, a great deal of uncertainty remains in these projections. One of the key uncertainties that has yet to be fully explored is that associated with the method used to identify freezing rain in model output, namely the selection of precipitation-type algorithms that use differing criteria to detect freezing rain. Two mechanisms can lead to freezing rain formation. The classical
1. Introduction Freezing precipitation is an infrequent but potentially damaging hazard in the south-central United States. The accretion of freezing rain on power lines, structures, and roadways during ice storms causes significant economic damage and travel disruption ( Call 2009 ). Ice storms in this region have resulted in hundreds of millions of dollars in damages over the past decade (e.g., Grout et al. 2012 ). During the winter of 2013/14, several cold air outbreaks in the southern
1. Introduction Freezing precipitation is an infrequent but potentially damaging hazard in the south-central United States. The accretion of freezing rain on power lines, structures, and roadways during ice storms causes significant economic damage and travel disruption ( Call 2009 ). Ice storms in this region have resulted in hundreds of millions of dollars in damages over the past decade (e.g., Grout et al. 2012 ). During the winter of 2013/14, several cold air outbreaks in the southern
1. Introduction The southern Great Plains (SGP) of the United States is an area of diverse meteorological conditions. Winter months are typically mild (e.g., Johnson and Duchon 1995 ), but the region is known for infrequent yet significant winter storms that produce mixed-phase precipitation, including snow, ice pellets, and freezing rain (e.g., Changnon 2003 ; Grout et al. 2012 ). Ice pellets and freezing rain are classically associated with an elevated above-freezing inversion (“warm layer
1. Introduction The southern Great Plains (SGP) of the United States is an area of diverse meteorological conditions. Winter months are typically mild (e.g., Johnson and Duchon 1995 ), but the region is known for infrequent yet significant winter storms that produce mixed-phase precipitation, including snow, ice pellets, and freezing rain (e.g., Changnon 2003 ; Grout et al. 2012 ). Ice pellets and freezing rain are classically associated with an elevated above-freezing inversion (“warm layer
Enhancing Icing Detection and Characterization Using the New York State Mesonet/2 in. or more; 1 in. = 2.54 cm) ( NWS 2016 ). If the freezing rain was mixed with other precipitation types, then a “winter storm” event would be reported in the storm database. These events were not included in this analysis. Between 1997 and 2019, a total 46 ice storms were recorded in NYS in the NCEI database and impacted a cumulative 257 counties with a total $102 million in damages ( Fig. 1 ). They show coherent spatial structure with the highest frequency in the Eastern Plateau region ( Fig
/2 in. or more; 1 in. = 2.54 cm) ( NWS 2016 ). If the freezing rain was mixed with other precipitation types, then a “winter storm” event would be reported in the storm database. These events were not included in this analysis. Between 1997 and 2019, a total 46 ice storms were recorded in NYS in the NCEI database and impacted a cumulative 257 counties with a total $102 million in damages ( Fig. 1 ). They show coherent spatial structure with the highest frequency in the Eastern Plateau region ( Fig
1270 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUM~II5Freezing Precipitation in Winter Storms RONALD E. STEWART AND PATRICK KINGAtmospheric Environment Service. Downsview, Ontario(Manuscript received 21 February 1986, in final form 4 December 1986)ABSTRACT The mesoscale storm structure and the evolution ofpredpitation type are examined during freezing precipitation.episodes over southern Ontario. Precipitation
1270 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUM~II5Freezing Precipitation in Winter Storms RONALD E. STEWART AND PATRICK KINGAtmospheric Environment Service. Downsview, Ontario(Manuscript received 21 February 1986, in final form 4 December 1986)ABSTRACT The mesoscale storm structure and the evolution ofpredpitation type are examined during freezing precipitation.episodes over southern Ontario. Precipitation
communication are designed for ice loads and concurrent winds ( TIA 2019 ; ASCE 2020 ), they can still fail in severe freezing rain storms. Models of ice accretion on trees and infrastructure, for a forecast or observed freezing rain event, require, at the least, information on the precipitation type, precipitation rate, and wind speed. More realistic ice accretions can be obtained if there are also air and dewpoint temperature data and an estimate of shortwave radiation to determine the fraction of the
communication are designed for ice loads and concurrent winds ( TIA 2019 ; ASCE 2020 ), they can still fail in severe freezing rain storms. Models of ice accretion on trees and infrastructure, for a forecast or observed freezing rain event, require, at the least, information on the precipitation type, precipitation rate, and wind speed. More realistic ice accretions can be obtained if there are also air and dewpoint temperature data and an estimate of shortwave radiation to determine the fraction of the
. For instance, Andrey et al. (2003) defined “snow” as inclusive of sleet and freezing rain. Additionally, “winter precipitation” has varying definitions: sleet, freezing rain, and snow ( Andrey et al. 2013 ); snow and sleet combined ( Black and Mote 2015a ); and two subcategories of snow and ice precipitation, the latter including sleet and freezing rain ( Black and Mote 2015b ). Similarly, some studies examine “all precipitation types” as the combination of rain, sleet, hail, and snow ( Ashley
. For instance, Andrey et al. (2003) defined “snow” as inclusive of sleet and freezing rain. Additionally, “winter precipitation” has varying definitions: sleet, freezing rain, and snow ( Andrey et al. 2013 ); snow and sleet combined ( Black and Mote 2015a ); and two subcategories of snow and ice precipitation, the latter including sleet and freezing rain ( Black and Mote 2015b ). Similarly, some studies examine “all precipitation types” as the combination of rain, sleet, hail, and snow ( Ashley
1. Introduction Various precipitation types often occur during winter storms. These precipitation types include ice pellets and freezing rain as well as particles composed of both liquid and solid phases ( Table 1 ). Precipitation types containing liquid water (such as freezing rain and wet snow) can lead to catastrophic icing events when falling on subfreezing surfaces. One such example is the 1998 ice storm in the Montreal area and surrounding regions, the most catastrophic weather event in
1. Introduction Various precipitation types often occur during winter storms. These precipitation types include ice pellets and freezing rain as well as particles composed of both liquid and solid phases ( Table 1 ). Precipitation types containing liquid water (such as freezing rain and wet snow) can lead to catastrophic icing events when falling on subfreezing surfaces. One such example is the 1998 ice storm in the Montreal area and surrounding regions, the most catastrophic weather event in
1. Introduction Freezing precipitation, including freezing drizzle (FZDZ), freezing rain (FZRA), and ice pellets (IPE; Carrière et al. 2000 ; Bernstein 2000 ), is a major weather hazard that can cause severe socioeconomic losses. Surface ice accumulation can halt air and ground transportation, weigh down and snap power lines, severely damage trees, and it is also a potential serious risk to the safety and health of local residents in the influenced areas. Four stages of heavy snowfall and
1. Introduction Freezing precipitation, including freezing drizzle (FZDZ), freezing rain (FZRA), and ice pellets (IPE; Carrière et al. 2000 ; Bernstein 2000 ), is a major weather hazard that can cause severe socioeconomic losses. Surface ice accumulation can halt air and ground transportation, weigh down and snap power lines, severely damage trees, and it is also a potential serious risk to the safety and health of local residents in the influenced areas. Four stages of heavy snowfall and
