Search Results
1. Introduction Global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data are provided by receivers on board the low earth-orbiting (LEO) satellites ( Ware at al. 1996 ). As the radio signals transmitted by the GPS satellites pass through the atmosphere, they are refracted because of the density gradients along the path. As an LEO satellite sets or rises behind the earth’s limb relative to the GPS transmitter satellite, the onboard GPS receiver takes measurements of the phase and amplitude of
1. Introduction Global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data are provided by receivers on board the low earth-orbiting (LEO) satellites ( Ware at al. 1996 ). As the radio signals transmitted by the GPS satellites pass through the atmosphere, they are refracted because of the density gradients along the path. As an LEO satellite sets or rises behind the earth’s limb relative to the GPS transmitter satellite, the onboard GPS receiver takes measurements of the phase and amplitude of
isobaric slopes. A summary of potential instrumentation errors is found in Rodi and Parish (1988) . Foremost among instrumentation considerations was the navigation problem that has been addressed using various techniques before the general use of global positioning system (GPS) (e.g., Rodi et al. 1991 ). A prime concern has been the correct matching of the radar altimeter signal with the height trace of the underlying terrain. This “terrain registration” problem has been a limiting factor since the
isobaric slopes. A summary of potential instrumentation errors is found in Rodi and Parish (1988) . Foremost among instrumentation considerations was the navigation problem that has been addressed using various techniques before the general use of global positioning system (GPS) (e.g., Rodi et al. 1991 ). A prime concern has been the correct matching of the radar altimeter signal with the height trace of the underlying terrain. This “terrain registration” problem has been a limiting factor since the
desktop and mobile personal computers: A quarter-century historical overview. Amer. Econ. Rev. , 91 , 268 – 273 . 10.1257/aer.91.2.268 Berns, H. , and Wilkes R. J. , 2000 : GPS time synchronization system for K2K. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. , 47 , 340 – 343 . 10.1109/23.846177 Bokhari, S. , 1995 : The Linux operating system. Computer , 28 , 74 – 79 . 10.1109/2.402081 Brouwer, W. , and Coauthors , 2002 : The ALTA global positioning satellite based timing system. Nucl. Instrum
desktop and mobile personal computers: A quarter-century historical overview. Amer. Econ. Rev. , 91 , 268 – 273 . 10.1257/aer.91.2.268 Berns, H. , and Wilkes R. J. , 2000 : GPS time synchronization system for K2K. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. , 47 , 340 – 343 . 10.1109/23.846177 Bokhari, S. , 1995 : The Linux operating system. Computer , 28 , 74 – 79 . 10.1109/2.402081 Brouwer, W. , and Coauthors , 2002 : The ALTA global positioning satellite based timing system. Nucl. Instrum
of low-level clouds, and their temporal evolution are tied to h ; however, there are few routine observations of h , mostly because it is difficult to systematically measure it, especially over the oceans. The Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) technique measures parameters of radio signals propagating through the atmosphere between GPS satellites and GPS receivers on low earth-orbiting (LEO) satellites ( Rocken et al. 1997 ; Kursinski et al. 1997 ; Steiner et al. 1999
of low-level clouds, and their temporal evolution are tied to h ; however, there are few routine observations of h , mostly because it is difficult to systematically measure it, especially over the oceans. The Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) technique measures parameters of radio signals propagating through the atmosphere between GPS satellites and GPS receivers on low earth-orbiting (LEO) satellites ( Rocken et al. 1997 ; Kursinski et al. 1997 ; Steiner et al. 1999
, it is critical to study the impact of new water vapor observations on the quality of mesoscale forecasts. Taking into account the large spatial/temporal variability of water vapor, observation systems are required, which provide 2D or even 3D distributions of water vapor. This is only possible with advanced remote sensing systems such as passive IR or microwave sensors or active sensors such as the global positioning system (GPS) tomography ( Flores et al. 2000 ; MacDonald et al. 2002 ) or
, it is critical to study the impact of new water vapor observations on the quality of mesoscale forecasts. Taking into account the large spatial/temporal variability of water vapor, observation systems are required, which provide 2D or even 3D distributions of water vapor. This is only possible with advanced remote sensing systems such as passive IR or microwave sensors or active sensors such as the global positioning system (GPS) tomography ( Flores et al. 2000 ; MacDonald et al. 2002 ) or
overlying free troposphere is clear ( Curran 1989 ; McCormick et al. 1993 ; Winker et al. 1996 ; Cosma-Averseng et al. 2003 ), but they cannot probe much into the MBL. On the other hand, several features of the global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) technique suggest that it has a great potential of sensing the MBL ( Kursinski et al. 1997 ; Hajj et al. 2004 ). These features include global coverage, high vertical resolution, high precision and accuracy, and the ability of GPS signals
overlying free troposphere is clear ( Curran 1989 ; McCormick et al. 1993 ; Winker et al. 1996 ; Cosma-Averseng et al. 2003 ), but they cannot probe much into the MBL. On the other hand, several features of the global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) technique suggest that it has a great potential of sensing the MBL ( Kursinski et al. 1997 ; Hajj et al. 2004 ). These features include global coverage, high vertical resolution, high precision and accuracy, and the ability of GPS signals
Coauthors , 2007 : Bernese GPS software version 5.0. User Manual. Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, 636 pp . Bevis, M. , Businger S. , Herring T. A. , Rocken C. , Anthes R. A. , and Ware R. H. , 1992 : GPS meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapour using the global positioning system. J. Geophys. Res. , 97 , 15787 – 15801 . 10.1029/92JD01517 Bevis, M. , Businger S. , Chiswell S. , Herring T. A. , Anthes R. A. , Rocken C. , and Ware R. H. , 1994
Coauthors , 2007 : Bernese GPS software version 5.0. User Manual. Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, 636 pp . Bevis, M. , Businger S. , Herring T. A. , Rocken C. , Anthes R. A. , and Ware R. H. , 1992 : GPS meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapour using the global positioning system. J. Geophys. Res. , 97 , 15787 – 15801 . 10.1029/92JD01517 Bevis, M. , Businger S. , Chiswell S. , Herring T. A. , Anthes R. A. , Rocken C. , and Ware R. H. , 1994
U.S. Government. REFERENCES Aumann, H. H. , and Coauthors , 2003 : AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission: Design, science objectives, data products, and processing systems. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 41 , 253 – 264 . 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808356 Bevis, M. , Businger S. , Herring T. A. , Rocken C. , Anthes R. A. , and Ware R. H. , 1992 : GPS meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using the global positioning system. J. Geophys. Res. , 97 , 15787 – 15801
U.S. Government. REFERENCES Aumann, H. H. , and Coauthors , 2003 : AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission: Design, science objectives, data products, and processing systems. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 41 , 253 – 264 . 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808356 Bevis, M. , Businger S. , Herring T. A. , Rocken C. , Anthes R. A. , and Ware R. H. , 1992 : GPS meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using the global positioning system. J. Geophys. Res. , 97 , 15787 – 15801
1. Introduction When probing the neutral atmosphere by global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) at L-band frequencies f 1 = 1.575 42 GHz and f 2 = 1.2276 GHz, the L1 and L2 signals must be subjected to ionospheric correction (removal of the effects induced by propagation in the ionosphere; Melbourne et al. 1994 ; Hardy et al. 1994 ; Kursinski et al. 1997 ). Commonly, model-independent ionospheric correction is applied to a GPS RO-derived variable x , such as the excess
1. Introduction When probing the neutral atmosphere by global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) at L-band frequencies f 1 = 1.575 42 GHz and f 2 = 1.2276 GHz, the L1 and L2 signals must be subjected to ionospheric correction (removal of the effects induced by propagation in the ionosphere; Melbourne et al. 1994 ; Hardy et al. 1994 ; Kursinski et al. 1997 ). Commonly, model-independent ionospheric correction is applied to a GPS RO-derived variable x , such as the excess
with RASS and the imminent availability of global total precipitable water vapor (PWV) from the Global Positioning System (GPS) suggest a reassessment of profilers as sensors of humidity profiles as well as of humidity gradient profiles. The purpose of the San Diego experiment was to evaluate this concept of humidity retrieval. The Southern California area was chosen for our experiment because the large ranges in temperature and humidity commonly found in the profiles allow large amounts of data to
with RASS and the imminent availability of global total precipitable water vapor (PWV) from the Global Positioning System (GPS) suggest a reassessment of profilers as sensors of humidity profiles as well as of humidity gradient profiles. The purpose of the San Diego experiment was to evaluate this concept of humidity retrieval. The Southern California area was chosen for our experiment because the large ranges in temperature and humidity commonly found in the profiles allow large amounts of data to
