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; Lin et al. 2008 ; Shay et al. 2000 ; Wada and Usui 2007 ). In general, the higher the OHC, the stronger the TC can become; however, the relationship between TC intensity and OHC is complex when comparing individual TC cases quantitatively. For example, consider two recent TCs of record-breaking intensity in the western North Pacific (WNP) and the eastern North Pacific (ENP): Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 and Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Typhoon Haiyan—the strongest landfalling TC on record—killed at
; Lin et al. 2008 ; Shay et al. 2000 ; Wada and Usui 2007 ). In general, the higher the OHC, the stronger the TC can become; however, the relationship between TC intensity and OHC is complex when comparing individual TC cases quantitatively. For example, consider two recent TCs of record-breaking intensity in the western North Pacific (WNP) and the eastern North Pacific (ENP): Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 and Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Typhoon Haiyan—the strongest landfalling TC on record—killed at
b indicates that the mean RRT values for the SW (OR) typhoon calculated over the duration of the WSW flow was equal to approximately −0.75 (−0.35) at the lowest analysis level. The inflow angle derived from the mean RRT value was approximately 37° for the SW typhoon and approximately 19° for the OR typhoon. The calculated mean inflow angle of the SW typhoon was larger than the typical near-surface inflow angle of previously documented hurricanes over the open ocean (~23°; Powell et al. 2009
b indicates that the mean RRT values for the SW (OR) typhoon calculated over the duration of the WSW flow was equal to approximately −0.75 (−0.35) at the lowest analysis level. The inflow angle derived from the mean RRT value was approximately 37° for the SW typhoon and approximately 19° for the OR typhoon. The calculated mean inflow angle of the SW typhoon was larger than the typical near-surface inflow angle of previously documented hurricanes over the open ocean (~23°; Powell et al. 2009
1. Introduction Tropical cyclones (TCs) are well known for their occasional devastating impacts on human life and property, as well as ecological zones. Also known over various parts of the global tropics as hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones (for the remainder of this paper, they will all be referred to as TCs), TCs only rarely reach their full intensity potential. However, when they do, TCs represent simultaneously one of nature’s most wondrous accomplishments and formidable threats. The quest
1. Introduction Tropical cyclones (TCs) are well known for their occasional devastating impacts on human life and property, as well as ecological zones. Also known over various parts of the global tropics as hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones (for the remainder of this paper, they will all be referred to as TCs), TCs only rarely reach their full intensity potential. However, when they do, TCs represent simultaneously one of nature’s most wondrous accomplishments and formidable threats. The quest
74 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VO~-UMEI2Some Typhoon Soundings and Their Comparison with Soundings in Hurricanes GORDON J. BELL AND TSUr KAR-SmG Ro~l~ Observatory, H ong(M~uu~pt recdved 23 ~une 1972, in re~ fo~ 5 ~ptem~r 1972)ABSTRACT Over 100 radiosonde soundings made within 185 km of the centers of typhoons are averaged in S-robclasses of sea-level pressure (SLP). The mean
74 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VO~-UMEI2Some Typhoon Soundings and Their Comparison with Soundings in Hurricanes GORDON J. BELL AND TSUr KAR-SmG Ro~l~ Observatory, H ong(M~uu~pt recdved 23 ~une 1972, in re~ fo~ 5 ~ptem~r 1972)ABSTRACT Over 100 radiosonde soundings made within 185 km of the centers of typhoons are averaged in S-robclasses of sea-level pressure (SLP). The mean
.1016/j.dsr.2005.10.002 . 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.10.002 Lu , Z. M. , and R. X. Huang , 2010 : The three-dimensional steady circulation in a homogenous ocean induced by a stationary hurricane . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 40 , 1441 – 1457 , https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4293.1 . 10.1175/2010JPO4293.1 Lu , Z. M. , G. Wang , and X. Shang , 2016 : Response of a preexisting cyclonic ocean eddy to a typhoon . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 46 , 2403 – 2410 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0040.1 . 10
.1016/j.dsr.2005.10.002 . 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.10.002 Lu , Z. M. , and R. X. Huang , 2010 : The three-dimensional steady circulation in a homogenous ocean induced by a stationary hurricane . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 40 , 1441 – 1457 , https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4293.1 . 10.1175/2010JPO4293.1 Lu , Z. M. , G. Wang , and X. Shang , 2016 : Response of a preexisting cyclonic ocean eddy to a typhoon . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 46 , 2403 – 2410 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0040.1 . 10
et al. 2003 ; Powell et al. 2003 ; Kepert, 2006a , b ; Schwendike and Kepert 2008 ), but spatial resolution limitations from the individual point measurements often prevent a detailed description of the full wind field in most cases ( Landsea et al. 2004 ). Recently, observations of the TC surface wind field have become available from stepped-frequency microwave radiometers (SFMRs; Uhlhorn et al. 2007 ), now installed on all operational and research hurricane reconnaissance aircraft flying in
et al. 2003 ; Powell et al. 2003 ; Kepert, 2006a , b ; Schwendike and Kepert 2008 ), but spatial resolution limitations from the individual point measurements often prevent a detailed description of the full wind field in most cases ( Landsea et al. 2004 ). Recently, observations of the TC surface wind field have become available from stepped-frequency microwave radiometers (SFMRs; Uhlhorn et al. 2007 ), now installed on all operational and research hurricane reconnaissance aircraft flying in
, 27% are tropical storm intensity, 24% are typhoon intensity, and 2% are supertyphoon intensity. The eastern North Pacific study examines images with existing TCs from the 2005–11 hurricane seasons and comprises a total of 20 213 unique half-hourly images. The resulting dataset includes 21 major hurricanes, 25 hurricanes, and 44 tropical storms. The North Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) does not include systems that peaked below tropical storm (34 kt) intensity; thus, none of these cases was
, 27% are tropical storm intensity, 24% are typhoon intensity, and 2% are supertyphoon intensity. The eastern North Pacific study examines images with existing TCs from the 2005–11 hurricane seasons and comprises a total of 20 213 unique half-hourly images. The resulting dataset includes 21 major hurricanes, 25 hurricanes, and 44 tropical storms. The North Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) does not include systems that peaked below tropical storm (34 kt) intensity; thus, none of these cases was
Adaptive Dealiasing for Doppler Velocities Scanned from Hurricanes and Typhoonsdata are also sometimes rejected in areas where the true wind field becomes too nonuniform to satisfy the VAD uniform-wind approximation. This has limited the dealiased data coverage, as often seen from hurricane (or typhoon) winds scanned by operational radars. Because aliasing can occur in countless different ways and the aliasing scenarios can be extremely complex, it is very difficult or even impossible to develop a single dealiasing method for all different and difficult scenarios to satisfy
data are also sometimes rejected in areas where the true wind field becomes too nonuniform to satisfy the VAD uniform-wind approximation. This has limited the dealiased data coverage, as often seen from hurricane (or typhoon) winds scanned by operational radars. Because aliasing can occur in countless different ways and the aliasing scenarios can be extremely complex, it is very difficult or even impossible to develop a single dealiasing method for all different and difficult scenarios to satisfy
the region of PBL inflow is almost in agreement with the positive RAF. Because of RAF, the low-level outer tangential flow of the hurricane accelerates in the inflow region (i.e., frontal convective region), which extends intense tangential wind to the downstream side of the frontal convection. As a result, a local wind maximum not only occurs within the frontal area but also extends outside of the frontal region. A similar pattern has also been seen in the observational study of Typhoon Sinlaku
the region of PBL inflow is almost in agreement with the positive RAF. Because of RAF, the low-level outer tangential flow of the hurricane accelerates in the inflow region (i.e., frontal convective region), which extends intense tangential wind to the downstream side of the frontal convection. As a result, a local wind maximum not only occurs within the frontal area but also extends outside of the frontal region. A similar pattern has also been seen in the observational study of Typhoon Sinlaku
An Automated Velocity Dealiasing Scheme for Radar Data Observed from Typhoons and Hurricanesadding information from different elevation angles and volume scans. Most of the algorithms are designed for a Nyquist velocity between 20 and 36 m s −1 but tend to fail for some typhoon and hurricane cases when multiple-aliased velocity observations appear. A series of algorithms ( Wang et al. 2012 ; Xu et al. 2014 ; Jiang and Xu 2016 ) were developed for aliased radar radial velocities obtained from a hurricane and a typhoon. The algorithms by Xu et al. (2014) and Jiang and Xu (2016) are
adding information from different elevation angles and volume scans. Most of the algorithms are designed for a Nyquist velocity between 20 and 36 m s −1 but tend to fail for some typhoon and hurricane cases when multiple-aliased velocity observations appear. A series of algorithms ( Wang et al. 2012 ; Xu et al. 2014 ; Jiang and Xu 2016 ) were developed for aliased radar radial velocities obtained from a hurricane and a typhoon. The algorithms by Xu et al. (2014) and Jiang and Xu (2016) are
