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basins. The Great Lakes’ representation across Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) GCMs varies broadly among land, wet soil, ocean, or inland lake grid cells, with the most advanced representation based on 1D lake models with inappropriate assumptions for deep lakes ( Roeckner et al. 2003 ; Subin et al. 2012 ; Briley et al. 2017 ). According to Briley et al. (2021) , most CMIP5 GCMs lack a satisfactory representation of the Great Lakes and their regional climatic impacts, which limits the
basins. The Great Lakes’ representation across Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) GCMs varies broadly among land, wet soil, ocean, or inland lake grid cells, with the most advanced representation based on 1D lake models with inappropriate assumptions for deep lakes ( Roeckner et al. 2003 ; Subin et al. 2012 ; Briley et al. 2017 ). According to Briley et al. (2021) , most CMIP5 GCMs lack a satisfactory representation of the Great Lakes and their regional climatic impacts, which limits the
et al. (1995) describes a case study where a vorticity maximum, in association with an upper-level trough centered over Lake Erie, produced considerable CVA that led to further development of a lake-effect band over Lake Ontario. After the passage of the trough, vertical motion diminished and the lake-effect band dissipated. A short-wave trough can also provide the support needed for lake-effect bands to impact areas inland from a lake shore ( Niziol et al. 1995 ) and may cause subtle changes in
et al. (1995) describes a case study where a vorticity maximum, in association with an upper-level trough centered over Lake Erie, produced considerable CVA that led to further development of a lake-effect band over Lake Ontario. After the passage of the trough, vertical motion diminished and the lake-effect band dissipated. A short-wave trough can also provide the support needed for lake-effect bands to impact areas inland from a lake shore ( Niziol et al. 1995 ) and may cause subtle changes in
models ( Mallard et al. 2014 , 2015 ; Briley et al. 2017 ). The Great Lakes’ representation across the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project global climate models varies broadly among land, wet soil, ocean, or inland lake grid cells, with the most advanced representation in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project global climate models based on 1D lake models (none are coupled to 3D lake models) with inappropriate assumptions for deep lakes ( Roeckner et al. 2003 ; Briley et al. 2017 ). One
models ( Mallard et al. 2014 , 2015 ; Briley et al. 2017 ). The Great Lakes’ representation across the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project global climate models varies broadly among land, wet soil, ocean, or inland lake grid cells, with the most advanced representation in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project global climate models based on 1D lake models (none are coupled to 3D lake models) with inappropriate assumptions for deep lakes ( Roeckner et al. 2003 ; Briley et al. 2017 ). One
1. Introduction Lakes occupy about 1% of the global continental area ( Segal et al. 1997 ) but display disproportionately large societal importance ( Lee et al. 2014 ). Lake breezes frequently occur near inland water bodies because of large thermal contrasts between the water and the adjacent land surface. The intensity of lake breezes for large lakes with width larger than 80 km tends to resemble that of sea breezes ( Segal et al. 1997 ). However, the majority of lakes are small, with a
1. Introduction Lakes occupy about 1% of the global continental area ( Segal et al. 1997 ) but display disproportionately large societal importance ( Lee et al. 2014 ). Lake breezes frequently occur near inland water bodies because of large thermal contrasts between the water and the adjacent land surface. The intensity of lake breezes for large lakes with width larger than 80 km tends to resemble that of sea breezes ( Segal et al. 1997 ). However, the majority of lakes are small, with a
). There was a total of 733 stable water patches with an area of more than 9 km 2 in China. Fig . 1. Distribution of lakes in the Great Lakes region of China (China’s lakes are grouped into five geographical distribution areas: Northeast Lake region, East Lake region, Yungui Lake region, Qinghai Lake region, and Mengxin Lake region ( Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology 2015 ). As a representative of inland water, a lake is the junction of the interactions between the various elements of Earth
). There was a total of 733 stable water patches with an area of more than 9 km 2 in China. Fig . 1. Distribution of lakes in the Great Lakes region of China (China’s lakes are grouped into five geographical distribution areas: Northeast Lake region, East Lake region, Yungui Lake region, Qinghai Lake region, and Mengxin Lake region ( Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology 2015 ). As a representative of inland water, a lake is the junction of the interactions between the various elements of Earth
initial and lateral boundary conditions from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–NCAR reanalysis ( Kalnay et al. 1996 ) and the Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (GISST) from the Met Office ( Rayner et al. 1996 ). The lateral boundary conditions are 6-hourly on a 2.5° × 2.5° grid and transition to the interior domain solution within a 15-gridcell buffer zone using a linear relaxation scheme. We compare the simulated lake ice with observations of ice coverage from
initial and lateral boundary conditions from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–NCAR reanalysis ( Kalnay et al. 1996 ) and the Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (GISST) from the Met Office ( Rayner et al. 1996 ). The lateral boundary conditions are 6-hourly on a 2.5° × 2.5° grid and transition to the interior domain solution within a 15-gridcell buffer zone using a linear relaxation scheme. We compare the simulated lake ice with observations of ice coverage from
above mean sea level ( Wang et al. 2020 ). As the third largest lake on the TP, Lake Nam Co has a surface area of about 2200 km 2 in 2020 and a maximum depth of 98.9 m with a mean depth of 40 m. This lake usually starts to freeze in the beginning of January, followed by about 5 months of weak stratification under partial or complete ice cover. The lake is stably thermal stratified until late October, and then, there are near-isothermal conditions throughout the entire lake body during the open
above mean sea level ( Wang et al. 2020 ). As the third largest lake on the TP, Lake Nam Co has a surface area of about 2200 km 2 in 2020 and a maximum depth of 98.9 m with a mean depth of 40 m. This lake usually starts to freeze in the beginning of January, followed by about 5 months of weak stratification under partial or complete ice cover. The lake is stably thermal stratified until late October, and then, there are near-isothermal conditions throughout the entire lake body during the open
. Agric. For. Meteor. , 168 , 93 – 107 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.08.013 . 10.1029/2008JC004995 Mironov , D. , and B. Ritter , 2004 : A new sea ice model for GME. Tech. Note, Deutscher Wetterdienst , 12 pp. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.05.005 Mironov , D. , G. Kirillin , E. Heise , S. Golosov , A. Terzhevik , and I. Zverev , 2003 : Parameterization of lakes in numerical models for environmental applications . Proc. Seventh Workshop on Physical Processes in
. Agric. For. Meteor. , 168 , 93 – 107 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.08.013 . 10.1029/2008JC004995 Mironov , D. , and B. Ritter , 2004 : A new sea ice model for GME. Tech. Note, Deutscher Wetterdienst , 12 pp. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.05.005 Mironov , D. , G. Kirillin , E. Heise , S. Golosov , A. Terzhevik , and I. Zverev , 2003 : Parameterization of lakes in numerical models for environmental applications . Proc. Seventh Workshop on Physical Processes in
1. Introduction Evidence has indicated that inland water bodies (e.g., lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and streams) regulate surface energy balance and hydrological cycles at catchment scales ( Rouse et al. 2005 ; Liu et al. 2012 ) and play a very important role in biogeochemical cycles at regional and global scales ( Bastviken et al. 2011 ; Raymond et al. 2013 ). However, process-based understanding of the physical processes that drive water–atmosphere interactions is still limited, primarily
1. Introduction Evidence has indicated that inland water bodies (e.g., lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and streams) regulate surface energy balance and hydrological cycles at catchment scales ( Rouse et al. 2005 ; Liu et al. 2012 ) and play a very important role in biogeochemical cycles at regional and global scales ( Bastviken et al. 2011 ; Raymond et al. 2013 ). However, process-based understanding of the physical processes that drive water–atmosphere interactions is still limited, primarily
” ( Qiu 2008 ). The numerous inland lakes in the TP are important sources of water and indicators of regional climate change. In the literature, researchers have addressed the importance of water resource changes in the TP and the effects of climate change on rivers and lakes inside and nearby the TP (e.g., Zheng et al. 2009 ; Kang et al. 2010 ). Because of the harsh physical conditions (remoteness, high altitude, inclement weather, etc.) and lack of in situ observations, water levels and water
” ( Qiu 2008 ). The numerous inland lakes in the TP are important sources of water and indicators of regional climate change. In the literature, researchers have addressed the importance of water resource changes in the TP and the effects of climate change on rivers and lakes inside and nearby the TP (e.g., Zheng et al. 2009 ; Kang et al. 2010 ). Because of the harsh physical conditions (remoteness, high altitude, inclement weather, etc.) and lack of in situ observations, water levels and water
