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ground-based wind observations in the boundary layer in and near supercells (mostly in the inflow region and just behind the rear-flank gust front), some tornadic, from a very high-spatial resolution, mobile, pulsed Doppler lidar and collocated, mobile, phased-array, X-band Doppler radar data ( Bluestein et al. 2010 ); and 2) to make a case for the use of the lidar for probing the boundary layer of tornadoes. The data were collected during the second year of the Second Verification of the Origins of
ground-based wind observations in the boundary layer in and near supercells (mostly in the inflow region and just behind the rear-flank gust front), some tornadic, from a very high-spatial resolution, mobile, pulsed Doppler lidar and collocated, mobile, phased-array, X-band Doppler radar data ( Bluestein et al. 2010 ); and 2) to make a case for the use of the lidar for probing the boundary layer of tornadoes. The data were collected during the second year of the Second Verification of the Origins of
small, easily handled aerosol lidar from the new generation of micropulse lidars [MPL version 4 (MPL-4), Sigma Space Corporation] at Belgrano Station, Antarctica (78°S, 34°W). Belgrano remains well inside the vortex during wintertime ( Parrondo et al. 2007 ) providing an excellent location for PSC observations. This new equipment will complete the Antarctic program, which INTA is performing continuously from 1994 for stratospheric ozone monitoring and research. Older versions than MPL-4 are already
small, easily handled aerosol lidar from the new generation of micropulse lidars [MPL version 4 (MPL-4), Sigma Space Corporation] at Belgrano Station, Antarctica (78°S, 34°W). Belgrano remains well inside the vortex during wintertime ( Parrondo et al. 2007 ) providing an excellent location for PSC observations. This new equipment will complete the Antarctic program, which INTA is performing continuously from 1994 for stratospheric ozone monitoring and research. Older versions than MPL-4 are already
uncertainty and contributes up to 70% of the total error. In addition, those errors can be horizontally correlated over several hundred kilometers ( Bormann et al. 2003 ). As a consequence, AMVs are usually thinned rigorously for the assimilation in NWP models. Spaceborne lidars such as the one on the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations ( CALIPSO ) satellite can accurately determine the height of cloud tops. Therefore, the combination of AMVs with cloud-top information
uncertainty and contributes up to 70% of the total error. In addition, those errors can be horizontally correlated over several hundred kilometers ( Bormann et al. 2003 ). As a consequence, AMVs are usually thinned rigorously for the assimilation in NWP models. Spaceborne lidars such as the one on the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations ( CALIPSO ) satellite can accurately determine the height of cloud tops. Therefore, the combination of AMVs with cloud-top information
Enhanced Surf Zone and Wave Runup Observations with Hovering Drone-Mounted LidarGuza 1984 ; Holland et al. 1995 ) and buried pressure sensors, which can also measure nearshore waves (e.g., Raubenheimer et al. 1998 ). These are costly to maintain and not easily moved once deployed. Remote observations of nearshore processes for model validation have historically been based on video techniques (e.g., Holman et al. 2013 ), with the more recent addition of lidar and radar ( Brodie et al. 2015 ; Blenkinsopp et al. 2010 ; Almeida et al. 2013 ; Turner et al. 2016b ; Vousdoukas
Guza 1984 ; Holland et al. 1995 ) and buried pressure sensors, which can also measure nearshore waves (e.g., Raubenheimer et al. 1998 ). These are costly to maintain and not easily moved once deployed. Remote observations of nearshore processes for model validation have historically been based on video techniques (e.g., Holman et al. 2013 ), with the more recent addition of lidar and radar ( Brodie et al. 2015 ; Blenkinsopp et al. 2010 ; Almeida et al. 2013 ; Turner et al. 2016b ; Vousdoukas
disappears almost completely due to the advection and mixing of humid air masses into the free troposphere. The lidar observed a different pattern of development for the vertical water vapor distribution. The dry layer persisted until the arrival of the MCS. This observation explains the deviations between the observations and the model at this height range. The advection of moister air masses in the free troposphere forecasted by COSMO-DE is also less dominant in the lidar observations. The dry layer
disappears almost completely due to the advection and mixing of humid air masses into the free troposphere. The lidar observed a different pattern of development for the vertical water vapor distribution. The dry layer persisted until the arrival of the MCS. This observation explains the deviations between the observations and the model at this height range. The advection of moister air masses in the free troposphere forecasted by COSMO-DE is also less dominant in the lidar observations. The dry layer
assimilation in NWP models and only a small fraction of the available observations is used. Preceding studies ( Velden and Bedka 2009 ; Weissmann et al. 2013 ) demonstrated that AMVs actually represent the wind in a vertically extended layer, although they are traditionally assimilated at discrete levels. In addition, Weissmann et al. (2013) showed that the height of AMVs can be corrected using airborne lidar cloud-top observations. The study presented here further investigates these two approaches that
assimilation in NWP models and only a small fraction of the available observations is used. Preceding studies ( Velden and Bedka 2009 ; Weissmann et al. 2013 ) demonstrated that AMVs actually represent the wind in a vertically extended layer, although they are traditionally assimilated at discrete levels. In addition, Weissmann et al. (2013) showed that the height of AMVs can be corrected using airborne lidar cloud-top observations. The study presented here further investigates these two approaches that
A Classification of Ice Crystal Habits Using Combined Lidar and Scanning Polarimeter Observations during the SEAC4RS Campaignderived from airborne polarimeter observations. However, only broad plate-like or column-like categories can be derived using polarimeter observations alone. Noel et al. (2004) found lidar depolarization ratio to be sensitive to modeled aspect ratio which allowed for a coarse classification of habit types. Still only broad ice crystal categories including plates or spheroids, irregulars and columns were derived from the study. Also, distinguishing small from large ice crystals is a challenging task
derived from airborne polarimeter observations. However, only broad plate-like or column-like categories can be derived using polarimeter observations alone. Noel et al. (2004) found lidar depolarization ratio to be sensitive to modeled aspect ratio which allowed for a coarse classification of habit types. Still only broad ice crystal categories including plates or spheroids, irregulars and columns were derived from the study. Also, distinguishing small from large ice crystals is a challenging task
with MCSs ( Kato et al. 2003 ; Schumacher 2015 ; Peters et al. 2017 ; Lee et al. 2018 ). Several water vapor observation techniques have been developed, including the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), ground-based and spaceborne microwave radiometer (MWR), radiosounding observations, and water vapor lidar. GNSS estimates column-integrated water vapor amount using the time delay of signals from GPS satellites. Although the column-integrated water vapor data provided by the GNSS are
with MCSs ( Kato et al. 2003 ; Schumacher 2015 ; Peters et al. 2017 ; Lee et al. 2018 ). Several water vapor observation techniques have been developed, including the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), ground-based and spaceborne microwave radiometer (MWR), radiosounding observations, and water vapor lidar. GNSS estimates column-integrated water vapor amount using the time delay of signals from GPS satellites. Although the column-integrated water vapor data provided by the GNSS are
observations at Cabauw in the Netherlands. Sodar data have also been used to determine the occurrence and characteristics of LLJs—for example, in Florida ( Karipot et al. 2009 ) and in Moscow ( Kallistratova and Kouznetsov 2012 ). High-resolution Doppler lidar has proven to be an ideal instrument to measure vertical wind profiles ( Banta et al. 2002 , 2013 ), and Doppler lidar systems have even been deployed on ships ( Tucker et al. 2010 ; Pichugina et al. 2012 ), enabling the investigation of LLJs in
observations at Cabauw in the Netherlands. Sodar data have also been used to determine the occurrence and characteristics of LLJs—for example, in Florida ( Karipot et al. 2009 ) and in Moscow ( Kallistratova and Kouznetsov 2012 ). High-resolution Doppler lidar has proven to be an ideal instrument to measure vertical wind profiles ( Banta et al. 2002 , 2013 ), and Doppler lidar systems have even been deployed on ships ( Tucker et al. 2010 ; Pichugina et al. 2012 ), enabling the investigation of LLJs in
. 2010 ; Ern et al. 2018 ). On the other hand, different instruments covering different spectral windows of the GW spectrum yield complementary observations. The combination of different instruments, e.g., lidar and satellite, usually provide a more detailed picture of GW parameters ( Llamedo et al. 2019 ). In practice, it is often convenient to have an average reference GW field being representative for a certain latitude and season. Such averaged GW fields, also called climatologies, were
. 2010 ; Ern et al. 2018 ). On the other hand, different instruments covering different spectral windows of the GW spectrum yield complementary observations. The combination of different instruments, e.g., lidar and satellite, usually provide a more detailed picture of GW parameters ( Llamedo et al. 2019 ). In practice, it is often convenient to have an average reference GW field being representative for a certain latitude and season. Such averaged GW fields, also called climatologies, were
