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above treat the earth as an aquaplanet and ignore the existence of tropical topography and the land–sea contrast. Recent studies have demonstrated that the topographic effect is likely important in the Maritime Continent where the topography and land–sea contrast are particularly complicated ( Fig. 1a ). In a study of the MJO during the boreal summer, Hsu et al. (2004) revealed that the MJO does not propagate smoothly eastward, as an equatorial wave does. Instead, it is a combination of stationary
above treat the earth as an aquaplanet and ignore the existence of tropical topography and the land–sea contrast. Recent studies have demonstrated that the topographic effect is likely important in the Maritime Continent where the topography and land–sea contrast are particularly complicated ( Fig. 1a ). In a study of the MJO during the boreal summer, Hsu et al. (2004) revealed that the MJO does not propagate smoothly eastward, as an equatorial wave does. Instead, it is a combination of stationary
1. Introduction The Maritime Continent (MC), uniquely positioned in between the tropical Pacific (TP) and Indian Ocean (IO), is vital to the global climate ( Neale and Slingo 2003 ; Ramage 1968 ). It has been challenging for climate models to satisfactorily simulate the atmospheric processes within the MC ( King and Vincent 2018 ; Raghavan et al. 2018 ). Mountainous islands across the MC create many small-scale processes that could contradict the large-scale changes over the MC domain
1. Introduction The Maritime Continent (MC), uniquely positioned in between the tropical Pacific (TP) and Indian Ocean (IO), is vital to the global climate ( Neale and Slingo 2003 ; Ramage 1968 ). It has been challenging for climate models to satisfactorily simulate the atmospheric processes within the MC ( King and Vincent 2018 ; Raghavan et al. 2018 ). Mountainous islands across the MC create many small-scale processes that could contradict the large-scale changes over the MC domain
approach undertaken by Carbone et al. (2002) . Spanning the midlatitudes to equatorial regions, precipitation is related to such diverse forcing as monsoons, frontal zones, and subtropical influences under widely varying environmental flow. This occurs over a low-lying and generally arid continent with little terrain above 2 km. In the equatorial zones of the Maritime Continent there is significant terrain extending to 4–6-km height. With this in mind, the association of such diverse influences upon
approach undertaken by Carbone et al. (2002) . Spanning the midlatitudes to equatorial regions, precipitation is related to such diverse forcing as monsoons, frontal zones, and subtropical influences under widely varying environmental flow. This occurs over a low-lying and generally arid continent with little terrain above 2 km. In the equatorial zones of the Maritime Continent there is significant terrain extending to 4–6-km height. With this in mind, the association of such diverse influences upon
1. Introduction The cross-equatorial flows (CEFs) over the Maritime Continent (MC) are recognized to play a crucial role in the interactions between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (e.g., Dao et al. 1962 ; Zeng and Li 2002 ). As a significant channel of water vapor transport to the East Asian monsoon region during boreal summer, the CEF can well modulate rainfall in the monsoon region ( Wang and Li 1982 ; Murakami and Matsumoto 1994 ; Kubota et al. 2011 ; Li et al. 2018
1. Introduction The cross-equatorial flows (CEFs) over the Maritime Continent (MC) are recognized to play a crucial role in the interactions between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (e.g., Dao et al. 1962 ; Zeng and Li 2002 ). As a significant channel of water vapor transport to the East Asian monsoon region during boreal summer, the CEF can well modulate rainfall in the monsoon region ( Wang and Li 1982 ; Murakami and Matsumoto 1994 ; Kubota et al. 2011 ; Li et al. 2018
1. Introduction The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian 1971 , 1972 ) is a tropical intraseasonal (30-90-day) oscillation maximizing in amplitude in boreal winter that propagates eastward along the equator. The classical picture of the MJO is that of a large-scale enhanced precipitation region zonally bound by suppressed precipitation that propagates from the Indian Ocean (IO), through the Maritime Continent (MC), and then into the Pacific Ocean where it dissipates. The
1. Introduction The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian 1971 , 1972 ) is a tropical intraseasonal (30-90-day) oscillation maximizing in amplitude in boreal winter that propagates eastward along the equator. The classical picture of the MJO is that of a large-scale enhanced precipitation region zonally bound by suppressed precipitation that propagates from the Indian Ocean (IO), through the Maritime Continent (MC), and then into the Pacific Ocean where it dissipates. The
addition, no known studies have found a QBO–MJO relationship beyond extended boreal winter (November–March) or considered potential relationships between QBO and the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO; Lawrence and Webster 2002 ). Therefore, a need exists to continue to investigate the QBO–MJO relationship, particularly using methods that identify the QBO at more than one vertical level and in different seasons. A focal point for this analysis is the MJO transit over the Maritime Continent
addition, no known studies have found a QBO–MJO relationship beyond extended boreal winter (November–March) or considered potential relationships between QBO and the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO; Lawrence and Webster 2002 ). Therefore, a need exists to continue to investigate the QBO–MJO relationship, particularly using methods that identify the QBO at more than one vertical level and in different seasons. A focal point for this analysis is the MJO transit over the Maritime Continent
1. Introduction The Maritime Continent [a term coined by Ramage (1968) , hereafter denoted by MC] consists of a multitude of large and small islands and seas off Southeast Asia. Many islands in the MC are mountainous ( Fig. 1a ). This paper analyzes regional climate processes associated with the diurnal cycles of precipitation and winds over the MC. Understanding of these small-scale processes is important for improving regional climate predictability, which is critical to the enhancement of
1. Introduction The Maritime Continent [a term coined by Ramage (1968) , hereafter denoted by MC] consists of a multitude of large and small islands and seas off Southeast Asia. Many islands in the MC are mountainous ( Fig. 1a ). This paper analyzes regional climate processes associated with the diurnal cycles of precipitation and winds over the MC. Understanding of these small-scale processes is important for improving regional climate predictability, which is critical to the enhancement of
over the Maritime Continent (MC) show the strongest variability on the interannual time scale and are closely related to the climate variability of East Asia ( Zhu 2012 ; Li and Li 2014 ; Zhao and Lu 2020 ). Previous studies pointed out that the variation of CEFs over the MC can modulate the distribution of summer rainfall over China ( Zhu 2012 ; Wang and Yang 2014 ) and plays a significant role in the extreme rainfall events over the Yangtze and Huai River Basin ( Li et al. 2000 ). Meanwhile
over the Maritime Continent (MC) show the strongest variability on the interannual time scale and are closely related to the climate variability of East Asia ( Zhu 2012 ; Li and Li 2014 ; Zhao and Lu 2020 ). Previous studies pointed out that the variation of CEFs over the MC can modulate the distribution of summer rainfall over China ( Zhu 2012 ; Wang and Yang 2014 ) and plays a significant role in the extreme rainfall events over the Yangtze and Huai River Basin ( Li et al. 2000 ). Meanwhile
by about 8° of latitude, a zonally confined extent within eastern China, and straight northward propagation (see section 4 for detailed comparisons). Along with the two centers recognized by Wu et al. (2016) , this low-level wave train actually shows a meridional tripolar structure emanating from the South China Sea (SCS). Recently, an anomalous anticyclone over the SCS is found to be associated with the decadal variability of the Maritime Continent (MC) SST ( Xie and Wang 2020 ). This
by about 8° of latitude, a zonally confined extent within eastern China, and straight northward propagation (see section 4 for detailed comparisons). Along with the two centers recognized by Wu et al. (2016) , this low-level wave train actually shows a meridional tripolar structure emanating from the South China Sea (SCS). Recently, an anomalous anticyclone over the SCS is found to be associated with the decadal variability of the Maritime Continent (MC) SST ( Xie and Wang 2020 ). This
associated with the MJO, one in the Indian Ocean and the other in the western Pacific. The behavior of the convective anomalies as they leave the Indian Ocean and encounter the Indo-Pacific Maritime Continent (MC) region is often erratic: the convective anomalies weaken, slow down, and sometimes completely dissipate before emerging over the western Pacific ( Kim et al. 2014 ; Zhang and Ling 2017 ). Because of this, the MC region is referred to as a barrier to the MJO propagation (e.g., Zhang and Ling
associated with the MJO, one in the Indian Ocean and the other in the western Pacific. The behavior of the convective anomalies as they leave the Indian Ocean and encounter the Indo-Pacific Maritime Continent (MC) region is often erratic: the convective anomalies weaken, slow down, and sometimes completely dissipate before emerging over the western Pacific ( Kim et al. 2014 ; Zhang and Ling 2017 ). Because of this, the MC region is referred to as a barrier to the MJO propagation (e.g., Zhang and Ling
