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1. Introduction The stratospheric ozone layer plays a vital role in protecting life on Earth and modulating atmospheric radiation balance through its absorption of ultraviolet radiation (e.g., Haigh 1994 ; Thompson and Solomon 2002 ; Solomon et al. 2005 ; Zhang et al. 2020 , 2021 ). In addition, the stratospheric ozone variation in the Antarctic during winter and spring exerts a significant influence on the Southern Hemisphere climate by modulating the atmospheric circulation and
1. Introduction The stratospheric ozone layer plays a vital role in protecting life on Earth and modulating atmospheric radiation balance through its absorption of ultraviolet radiation (e.g., Haigh 1994 ; Thompson and Solomon 2002 ; Solomon et al. 2005 ; Zhang et al. 2020 , 2021 ). In addition, the stratospheric ozone variation in the Antarctic during winter and spring exerts a significant influence on the Southern Hemisphere climate by modulating the atmospheric circulation and
1. Introduction The influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the sea surface temperature (SST), surface pressure, winds, and convection is well known (e.g., Trenberth and Shea 1987 ; Trenberth 1997 ). During El Niño events, temperature in the lower stratospheric is reduced in the tropics and increased in the Arctic ( Garcia-Herrera et al. 2006 ; Free and Seidel 2009 ). Using a multiple regression method, Hood et al. (2010) found that ENSO can influence ozone volume mixing ratios
1. Introduction The influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the sea surface temperature (SST), surface pressure, winds, and convection is well known (e.g., Trenberth and Shea 1987 ; Trenberth 1997 ). During El Niño events, temperature in the lower stratospheric is reduced in the tropics and increased in the Arctic ( Garcia-Herrera et al. 2006 ; Free and Seidel 2009 ). Using a multiple regression method, Hood et al. (2010) found that ENSO can influence ozone volume mixing ratios
1. Introduction Variations in the total ozone column (TOC) have received an increased amount of attention since the discovery of the springtime ozone hole over Antarctica ( Farman et al. 1985 ). Ozone depletion was attributed to the activation of stratospheric chlorine and bromine radicals in the presence of sunlight via heterogeneous reactions on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), which form at low temperatures in the isolated polar vortex (e.g., Solomon 1999 ). In the 1990s
1. Introduction Variations in the total ozone column (TOC) have received an increased amount of attention since the discovery of the springtime ozone hole over Antarctica ( Farman et al. 1985 ). Ozone depletion was attributed to the activation of stratospheric chlorine and bromine radicals in the presence of sunlight via heterogeneous reactions on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), which form at low temperatures in the isolated polar vortex (e.g., Solomon 1999 ). In the 1990s
1. Introduction Elevated ozone layers in the lower troposphere have the potential to enhance the ozone levels at the surface by down-mixing processes and likely influence the tropospheric chemistry and the global climate system ( McKendry and Lundgren 2000 ). They are often developed by synoptically driven airflows associated with the regional transport of ozone and its precursors upwind ( Daum et al. 1996 ; Fast and Berkowitz 1996 ; Blumenthal et al. 1997 ; Hidy 2000 ; Fast et al. 2002
1. Introduction Elevated ozone layers in the lower troposphere have the potential to enhance the ozone levels at the surface by down-mixing processes and likely influence the tropospheric chemistry and the global climate system ( McKendry and Lundgren 2000 ). They are often developed by synoptically driven airflows associated with the regional transport of ozone and its precursors upwind ( Daum et al. 1996 ; Fast and Berkowitz 1996 ; Blumenthal et al. 1997 ; Hidy 2000 ; Fast et al. 2002
1. Introduction An accurate quantification of the effects of anthropogenic emissions on the ozone layer is a key step toward making accurate predictions of the future ozone evolution. Assessing the ozone response to anthropogenic forcings is also a step toward improved understanding of the coupling between atmospheric composition and climate ( Isaksen et al. 2009 ). There is robust modeling evidence suggesting that anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs), via their influences on stratospheric
1. Introduction An accurate quantification of the effects of anthropogenic emissions on the ozone layer is a key step toward making accurate predictions of the future ozone evolution. Assessing the ozone response to anthropogenic forcings is also a step toward improved understanding of the coupling between atmospheric composition and climate ( Isaksen et al. 2009 ). There is robust modeling evidence suggesting that anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs), via their influences on stratospheric
1. Introduction Increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), have important implications for the future evolution of ozone because increased GHGs are expected to lead to decreasing temperature in the stratosphere, caused by strong CO 2 longwave emissions into space (e.g., Stolarski et al. 2012 ). This stratospheric cooling indirectly increases ozone because it reduces the ozone loss rate in the upper stratosphere, owing to the strong positive temperature dependence
1. Introduction Increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), have important implications for the future evolution of ozone because increased GHGs are expected to lead to decreasing temperature in the stratosphere, caused by strong CO 2 longwave emissions into space (e.g., Stolarski et al. 2012 ). This stratospheric cooling indirectly increases ozone because it reduces the ozone loss rate in the upper stratosphere, owing to the strong positive temperature dependence
1. Introduction Ozone is one of the most important gases present in our environment. It is critical to all life as a filter of harmful solar ultraviolet (UV) light in the stratosphere and it is a significant component of anthropogenic pollution and a health hazard in the troposphere. Accurate and reliable measurements of ozone concentrations are vital to understanding the protective layer of stratospheric ozone, diagnosing its depletion, and monitoring its subsequent recovery. Ozone is also the
1. Introduction Ozone is one of the most important gases present in our environment. It is critical to all life as a filter of harmful solar ultraviolet (UV) light in the stratosphere and it is a significant component of anthropogenic pollution and a health hazard in the troposphere. Accurate and reliable measurements of ozone concentrations are vital to understanding the protective layer of stratospheric ozone, diagnosing its depletion, and monitoring its subsequent recovery. Ozone is also the
first reanalysis generated using the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation system (DAS) by NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA, first released in 2009, covered the years 1979–2015 (production ended on 29 February 2016). It was followed by the recently released MERRA version 2 (MERRA-2) dataset ( Bosilovich et al. 2015 ), which is the focus of this paper. While most reanalyses include assimilated ozone fields, the overall lack of validation and uncertain
first reanalysis generated using the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation system (DAS) by NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA, first released in 2009, covered the years 1979–2015 (production ended on 29 February 2016). It was followed by the recently released MERRA version 2 (MERRA-2) dataset ( Bosilovich et al. 2015 ), which is the focus of this paper. While most reanalyses include assimilated ozone fields, the overall lack of validation and uncertain
1. Introduction Regional ozone concentrations are likely to be affected by changes in future climate and biogenic emissions in the coming decades ( Denman et al. 2007 ), as illustrated by numerical simulations with both global ( Racherla and Adams 2006 ; Murazaki and Hess 2006 , hereinafter MH06 ) and regional ( Tao et al. 2003 , 2007 ; Hogrefe et al. 2004 ; Kunkel et al. 2008 ) models. Using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, for example, under the
1. Introduction Regional ozone concentrations are likely to be affected by changes in future climate and biogenic emissions in the coming decades ( Denman et al. 2007 ), as illustrated by numerical simulations with both global ( Racherla and Adams 2006 ; Murazaki and Hess 2006 , hereinafter MH06 ) and regional ( Tao et al. 2003 , 2007 ; Hogrefe et al. 2004 ; Kunkel et al. 2008 ) models. Using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, for example, under the
1. Introduction Stratospheric ozone, and its response to anthropogenic forcings, provide an important pathway for the coupling between atmospheric composition and climate ( Isaksen et al. 2009 ). Quantifying the impact of that ozone response on tropospheric and surface climate is a key step toward assessing the importance of an interactive stratospheric ozone chemistry in climate change projections and, more generally, on the role of the ozone layer in the climate system. It has recently been
1. Introduction Stratospheric ozone, and its response to anthropogenic forcings, provide an important pathway for the coupling between atmospheric composition and climate ( Isaksen et al. 2009 ). Quantifying the impact of that ozone response on tropospheric and surface climate is a key step toward assessing the importance of an interactive stratospheric ozone chemistry in climate change projections and, more generally, on the role of the ozone layer in the climate system. It has recently been
