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1. Introduction The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is the leading mode of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific (poleward of 20°N) ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Zhang et al. 1997 ). It exhibits a horseshoe-like SST pattern, with anomalies of one sign in the Kuroshio–Oyashio extension (KOE) region ( Nakamura et al. 1997 ; Nonaka et al. 2006 ) and of the opposite sign along the west coast of North America. The PDO predominantly varies on decadal-to-multidecadal time
1. Introduction The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is the leading mode of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific (poleward of 20°N) ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Zhang et al. 1997 ). It exhibits a horseshoe-like SST pattern, with anomalies of one sign in the Kuroshio–Oyashio extension (KOE) region ( Nakamura et al. 1997 ; Nonaka et al. 2006 ) and of the opposite sign along the west coast of North America. The PDO predominantly varies on decadal-to-multidecadal time
1. Introduction As the dominant variability of the North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) on the decadal time scale, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) has received much attention since its identification in the late 1990s ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Newman et al. 2016 ). Commonly defined as the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of SST anomalies (SSTA) in the North Pacific, the PDO displays a horseshoe-like pattern, with temperature anomalies of one sign in the central and
1. Introduction As the dominant variability of the North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) on the decadal time scale, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) has received much attention since its identification in the late 1990s ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Newman et al. 2016 ). Commonly defined as the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of SST anomalies (SSTA) in the North Pacific, the PDO displays a horseshoe-like pattern, with temperature anomalies of one sign in the central and
1. Introduction In North America, decadal-scale variability in climate is commonly associated with coupled ocean–atmosphere variability in the North Pacific (e.g., Mantua and Hare 2002 ; Gershunov and Barnett 1998 ). Regional fluctuations in sea surface temperature and sea level pressure patterns are described by a number of indices and often referred to as Pacific decadal variability (PDV). The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is one metric of PDV, and it is probably the most commonly used
1. Introduction In North America, decadal-scale variability in climate is commonly associated with coupled ocean–atmosphere variability in the North Pacific (e.g., Mantua and Hare 2002 ; Gershunov and Barnett 1998 ). Regional fluctuations in sea surface temperature and sea level pressure patterns are described by a number of indices and often referred to as Pacific decadal variability (PDV). The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is one metric of PDV, and it is probably the most commonly used
1. Introduction a. Discovery and background of the Pacific decadal oscillation Ocean temperature variations are a key part of the climate system. The ocean surface allows communication between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a sufficiently large heat capacity to introduce longer time scales into the associated anomalies. In the northern Pacific Ocean, the dominant mode of ocean temperature variability is the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) ( Alexander 2010 ). This variability is
1. Introduction a. Discovery and background of the Pacific decadal oscillation Ocean temperature variations are a key part of the climate system. The ocean surface allows communication between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a sufficiently large heat capacity to introduce longer time scales into the associated anomalies. In the northern Pacific Ocean, the dominant mode of ocean temperature variability is the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) ( Alexander 2010 ). This variability is
the periods of their data differ. The recent study by Krishnamurthy and Krishnamurthy (2014) showed the relation between the strength of the South Asian summer monsoon and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) using observed data and coupled numerical model data. They suggested that the warm (cold) phase of the PDO is associated with deficit (excess) rainfall over India in June–September and that the PDO modified the relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and El Niño
the periods of their data differ. The recent study by Krishnamurthy and Krishnamurthy (2014) showed the relation between the strength of the South Asian summer monsoon and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) using observed data and coupled numerical model data. They suggested that the warm (cold) phase of the PDO is associated with deficit (excess) rainfall over India in June–September and that the PDO modified the relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and El Niño
1. Introduction Since its identification in the late 1990s as the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) has been connected both to other parts of the climate system and to impacts on natural resources and marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Subsequent research, however, has found that the PDO is not a single physical mode of climate variability but instead largely represents the combination of three
1. Introduction Since its identification in the late 1990s as the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) has been connected both to other parts of the climate system and to impacts on natural resources and marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Subsequent research, however, has found that the PDO is not a single physical mode of climate variability but instead largely represents the combination of three
1. Introduction The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is the leading pattern of extratropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability ( Mantua et al. 1997 ). It affects climate in the pan-Pacific basin ( Dettinger et al. 1998 ; Cayan et al. 1998 ; Mantua and Hare 2002 ) and significantly influences Pacific marine ecosystems (e.g., Mysak 1986 ). The spatial pattern of the PDO is shown in Fig. 1a . During the positive polarity of the PDO, SSTs are anomalously low over the central
1. Introduction The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is the leading pattern of extratropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability ( Mantua et al. 1997 ). It affects climate in the pan-Pacific basin ( Dettinger et al. 1998 ; Cayan et al. 1998 ; Mantua and Hare 2002 ) and significantly influences Pacific marine ecosystems (e.g., Mysak 1986 ). The spatial pattern of the PDO is shown in Fig. 1a . During the positive polarity of the PDO, SSTs are anomalously low over the central
. 2017 ; Hu et al. 2018 ; Li et al. 2018 ) and the potential relationship between the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the SAV ( Jadin et al. 2010 ; Hurwitz et al. 2012 ; Woo et al. 2015 ; Kren et al. 2016 ; Wang et al. 2016 ). The PDO, which is defined as the leading mode of SSTAs in the North Pacific poleward of 20°N ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Zhang et al. 1997 ), has important impacts on the northern climate; these impacts include the Pacific storm track ( Lee et al. 2012 ), geopotential
. 2017 ; Hu et al. 2018 ; Li et al. 2018 ) and the potential relationship between the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the SAV ( Jadin et al. 2010 ; Hurwitz et al. 2012 ; Woo et al. 2015 ; Kren et al. 2016 ; Wang et al. 2016 ). The PDO, which is defined as the leading mode of SSTAs in the North Pacific poleward of 20°N ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Zhang et al. 1997 ), has important impacts on the northern climate; these impacts include the Pacific storm track ( Lee et al. 2012 ), geopotential
1. Introduction Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is one of the dominant modes of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the North Pacific and has been associated with various biological and physical aspects of variability over this region ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Liu 2012 ; Newman et al. 2016 ). Traditionally PDO has been defined based on the variability associated with SSTs ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Wen et al. 2014 ). Although having a component of variability on a decadal time scale that
1. Introduction Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is one of the dominant modes of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the North Pacific and has been associated with various biological and physical aspects of variability over this region ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Liu 2012 ; Newman et al. 2016 ). Traditionally PDO has been defined based on the variability associated with SSTs ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Wen et al. 2014 ). Although having a component of variability on a decadal time scale that
1. Introduction The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)/interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) is the most dominant sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Pacific Ocean on the low-frequency time scale ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Power et al. 1999 ; Salinger et al. 2001 ; Folland et al. 2002 ; Mantua and Hare 2002 ; Newman et al. 2016 ) and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) is a primary mode of the SST variability in the Atlantic Ocean on the low-frequency time scale
1. Introduction The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)/interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) is the most dominant sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Pacific Ocean on the low-frequency time scale ( Mantua et al. 1997 ; Power et al. 1999 ; Salinger et al. 2001 ; Folland et al. 2002 ; Mantua and Hare 2002 ; Newman et al. 2016 ) and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) is a primary mode of the SST variability in the Atlantic Ocean on the low-frequency time scale
