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1. Introduction The study of the effects of pollution aerosols on precipitation has been in the forefront of scientific research for many years (e.g., Warner 1968 , 1971 ; Gunn and Phillips 1957 ; Changnon et al. 1971 ; Changnon 1980 ). Most measurements show that pollution influences the cloud microphysical processes (e.g., Andreae et al. 2004 , and many more) but the final link in the chain leading to precipitation is much more complex, involving interactions of dynamical as well as
1. Introduction The study of the effects of pollution aerosols on precipitation has been in the forefront of scientific research for many years (e.g., Warner 1968 , 1971 ; Gunn and Phillips 1957 ; Changnon et al. 1971 ; Changnon 1980 ). Most measurements show that pollution influences the cloud microphysical processes (e.g., Andreae et al. 2004 , and many more) but the final link in the chain leading to precipitation is much more complex, involving interactions of dynamical as well as
1. Introduction Dual summertime environmental hazards facing many urban areas worldwide include excessive heat, compounded by the urban heat island (UHI) effect, and poor air quality. Often, however, solutions proposed to combat these issues may not consider the subsequent impacts related to the other. For example, one of the commonly proposed strategies for combatting ozone (O 3 ) air pollution in urban regions worldwide is a reduction in on-road mobile sources by switching single
1. Introduction Dual summertime environmental hazards facing many urban areas worldwide include excessive heat, compounded by the urban heat island (UHI) effect, and poor air quality. Often, however, solutions proposed to combat these issues may not consider the subsequent impacts related to the other. For example, one of the commonly proposed strategies for combatting ozone (O 3 ) air pollution in urban regions worldwide is a reduction in on-road mobile sources by switching single
1. Introduction Recently, haze pollution has been occurring frequently in China, especially in the North China Plain where more than 300 million people live. Severe haze dramatically damages human health and reducing haze events has become a major challenge in China ( Wang 2017 ). Anthropogenic emissions are generally recognized as the fundamental cause of increases in atmospheric pollution ( Yang et al. 2016 ), especially the long-term increasing trend. Furthermore, many studies have
1. Introduction Recently, haze pollution has been occurring frequently in China, especially in the North China Plain where more than 300 million people live. Severe haze dramatically damages human health and reducing haze events has become a major challenge in China ( Wang 2017 ). Anthropogenic emissions are generally recognized as the fundamental cause of increases in atmospheric pollution ( Yang et al. 2016 ), especially the long-term increasing trend. Furthermore, many studies have
1. Introduction Nepal is a landlocked nation located in South Asia, and it is cited as having some of the most critical air quality challenges in the world, which can have detrimental human health impacts ( Health Effects Institute 2020 ). Nepal also experiences an annual monsoon season, marked by periods of prolonged rainfall that significantly reduce average air pollution levels for four months (June–September) ( Regmi et al. 2021 ). Given the nation’s air quality challenges, air
1. Introduction Nepal is a landlocked nation located in South Asia, and it is cited as having some of the most critical air quality challenges in the world, which can have detrimental human health impacts ( Health Effects Institute 2020 ). Nepal also experiences an annual monsoon season, marked by periods of prolonged rainfall that significantly reduce average air pollution levels for four months (June–September) ( Regmi et al. 2021 ). Given the nation’s air quality challenges, air
The exchange of reactive trace gases and particulate matter (PM) between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems influences air pollution, ecosystems, and climate. Even though land–atmosphere exchanges of reactive gases and PM are expected to evolve with climate and human activities, they are poorly understood from a mechanistic perspective (e.g., Barth et al. 2005 ; Fowler et al. 2009 ; Fiore et al. 2015 ; Kanakidou et al. 2018 ). Advances in the fields of atmospheric chemistry and land
The exchange of reactive trace gases and particulate matter (PM) between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems influences air pollution, ecosystems, and climate. Even though land–atmosphere exchanges of reactive gases and PM are expected to evolve with climate and human activities, they are poorly understood from a mechanistic perspective (e.g., Barth et al. 2005 ; Fowler et al. 2009 ; Fiore et al. 2015 ; Kanakidou et al. 2018 ). Advances in the fields of atmospheric chemistry and land
1. Introduction Air pollution episodes in a region can be attributed to high emission levels and favorable meteorological conditions. Most air pollution control strategies are aimed at emissions reductions as a measure to keep pollutant levels in check. The outcome of such strategies depends upon relatively accurate understanding of chemical transformation and long- and short-range transport of primary–secondary pollutant species in the atmosphere. Meteorological variables like temperature
1. Introduction Air pollution episodes in a region can be attributed to high emission levels and favorable meteorological conditions. Most air pollution control strategies are aimed at emissions reductions as a measure to keep pollutant levels in check. The outcome of such strategies depends upon relatively accurate understanding of chemical transformation and long- and short-range transport of primary–secondary pollutant species in the atmosphere. Meteorological variables like temperature
1. Introduction Air pollution with characteristics of high PM 2.5 (i.e., particulates with a diameter < 2.5 μ m) concentrations has affected northern China in recent years. In addition, extreme rainfall is occurring more frequently in southern China. The mechanisms responsible for this, with consequences for them, have been extensively studied, respectively (e.g., Li and Sun 2015 ; An et al. 2020 ; Yin et al. 2021 ). Air pollution has a detrimental effect on both human health and
1. Introduction Air pollution with characteristics of high PM 2.5 (i.e., particulates with a diameter < 2.5 μ m) concentrations has affected northern China in recent years. In addition, extreme rainfall is occurring more frequently in southern China. The mechanisms responsible for this, with consequences for them, have been extensively studied, respectively (e.g., Li and Sun 2015 ; An et al. 2020 ; Yin et al. 2021 ). Air pollution has a detrimental effect on both human health and
1. Introduction The local-scale wind fields, greatly perturbed by the orographic obstacles, play an essential role in the local-emitted pollution transport over mountainous islands ( De Wekker and Kossmann 2015 ; Lehner and Rotach 2018 ). Under specific atmospheric background conditions, the lee vortices dominate the local wind flows over the lee side of the mountain. From plenty of theoretical studies, the occurrence of the lee vortex is critically controlled by the upstream wind speeds
1. Introduction The local-scale wind fields, greatly perturbed by the orographic obstacles, play an essential role in the local-emitted pollution transport over mountainous islands ( De Wekker and Kossmann 2015 ; Lehner and Rotach 2018 ). Under specific atmospheric background conditions, the lee vortices dominate the local wind flows over the lee side of the mountain. From plenty of theoretical studies, the occurrence of the lee vortex is critically controlled by the upstream wind speeds
observations in aerosol vertical distribution within PBL in China are conducted by means of tethered balloon ( Guan et al. 2022 ), unmanned aerial vehicle ( Wu et al. 2021 ), cable car ( Duan et al. 2021 ), meteorological tower ( Sun et al. 2015 ), and ground stations at rapidly increasing altitudes from basin to mountain ( Yin et al. 2020 ; Zhao et al. 2019 ). As an important environmental condition for air pollution studies, basin and mountain meteorology are widely studied in urban and agricultural
observations in aerosol vertical distribution within PBL in China are conducted by means of tethered balloon ( Guan et al. 2022 ), unmanned aerial vehicle ( Wu et al. 2021 ), cable car ( Duan et al. 2021 ), meteorological tower ( Sun et al. 2015 ), and ground stations at rapidly increasing altitudes from basin to mountain ( Yin et al. 2020 ; Zhao et al. 2019 ). As an important environmental condition for air pollution studies, basin and mountain meteorology are widely studied in urban and agricultural
1. Introduction The recent years have seen rapid growth of megacities around the world, especially in South Asia ( Kraas 2007 ); it is estimated that 60% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2030 ( Sokhi 2008 ). This rapid growth of the urban population also brings with it increasing demands for energy-based goods and services, as well as the associated pollution. Urban air pollution has emerged as a major concern for the populations of megacities (cities having populations equal
1. Introduction The recent years have seen rapid growth of megacities around the world, especially in South Asia ( Kraas 2007 ); it is estimated that 60% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2030 ( Sokhi 2008 ). This rapid growth of the urban population also brings with it increasing demands for energy-based goods and services, as well as the associated pollution. Urban air pollution has emerged as a major concern for the populations of megacities (cities having populations equal
