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1. Introduction In response to global warming, precipitation has shown significant regional dependent trends in the globe. For more than half of the global land, an increasing probability of intense precipitation events has been documented by Groisman et al. (2005) . A number of weather systems can produce intensive precipitation over land. The tropical cyclone (TC) is one of them. A strong TC can produce torrential rainfall, leading to floods and landslides after their landfall, which could
1. Introduction In response to global warming, precipitation has shown significant regional dependent trends in the globe. For more than half of the global land, an increasing probability of intense precipitation events has been documented by Groisman et al. (2005) . A number of weather systems can produce intensive precipitation over land. The tropical cyclone (TC) is one of them. A strong TC can produce torrential rainfall, leading to floods and landslides after their landfall, which could
; Wang and Gaffen 2001 ). China has a dense radiosonde network that was launched in the 1950s; the network includes 116 radiosonde stations and mandatory pressure levels specified by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO 1996 ). However, previous research of the free-atmosphere climatology only used data from several of the stations ( Zhai and Eskridge 1996 ). Elucidating trends in free-atmosphere temperature over China based on valid radiosonde data should provide insight into important
; Wang and Gaffen 2001 ). China has a dense radiosonde network that was launched in the 1950s; the network includes 116 radiosonde stations and mandatory pressure levels specified by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO 1996 ). However, previous research of the free-atmosphere climatology only used data from several of the stations ( Zhai and Eskridge 1996 ). Elucidating trends in free-atmosphere temperature over China based on valid radiosonde data should provide insight into important
1. Introduction The main purpose of this article is to examine if there are significant trends in the global and hemispheric temperature anomaly series. Denoting a time series for temperature anomalies by y t , the standard approach is to employ a simple linear regression model of form testing the significance of the estimated slope coefficient for β in (1) . It is not uncommon to find estimates of β based on ordinary least squares (OLS). However, statistical inference based on
1. Introduction The main purpose of this article is to examine if there are significant trends in the global and hemispheric temperature anomaly series. Denoting a time series for temperature anomalies by y t , the standard approach is to employ a simple linear regression model of form testing the significance of the estimated slope coefficient for β in (1) . It is not uncommon to find estimates of β based on ordinary least squares (OLS). However, statistical inference based on
1. Introduction The globally averaged annual surface temperature time series since 1900 (e.g., Folland et al. 2001 ; Levinson et al. 2004 ) appears to be characterized by three distinct periods with differing temporal trends. During the early part of the record a positive trend occurs through the early 1940s, which is followed by a period of little change or possibly a slight negative trend. Since the late 1970s, however, the observed trend in global surface air temperature is approximately 0
1. Introduction The globally averaged annual surface temperature time series since 1900 (e.g., Folland et al. 2001 ; Levinson et al. 2004 ) appears to be characterized by three distinct periods with differing temporal trends. During the early part of the record a positive trend occurs through the early 1940s, which is followed by a period of little change or possibly a slight negative trend. Since the late 1970s, however, the observed trend in global surface air temperature is approximately 0
. 2017 ; Hong et al. 2017 ) to means for individual countries or their parts (e.g., Brázdil et al. 2009 ; El Kenawy et al. 2012 ; Vose et al. 2012 ; Gonzalez-Hidalgo et al. 2016 ; Tao et al. 2017 ) and local time series. A typical study detecting climate change in local scale is performed at a set of stations (or, alternatively, on a regular grid) over a region, a country, or a group of countries, up to a continent. Linear trends (i.e., slopes of linear regression lines of the variable against
. 2017 ; Hong et al. 2017 ) to means for individual countries or their parts (e.g., Brázdil et al. 2009 ; El Kenawy et al. 2012 ; Vose et al. 2012 ; Gonzalez-Hidalgo et al. 2016 ; Tao et al. 2017 ) and local time series. A typical study detecting climate change in local scale is performed at a set of stations (or, alternatively, on a regular grid) over a region, a country, or a group of countries, up to a continent. Linear trends (i.e., slopes of linear regression lines of the variable against
of the country ( Shabbar and Bonsal 2003 ). An increase in spring temperature, in western Canada in particular, has resulted in earlier snowmelt and consequently earlier spring freshets ( Zhang et al. 2001a ). The observed trend in upward precipitation is mainly due to increases in the number of small-to-moderate rainfall and snowfall events ( Zhang et al. 2000 , 2001b ). A more recent analysis ( Vincent and Mekis 2006 ) using a longer time series supports earlier findings ( Zhang et al. 2000
of the country ( Shabbar and Bonsal 2003 ). An increase in spring temperature, in western Canada in particular, has resulted in earlier snowmelt and consequently earlier spring freshets ( Zhang et al. 2001a ). The observed trend in upward precipitation is mainly due to increases in the number of small-to-moderate rainfall and snowfall events ( Zhang et al. 2000 , 2001b ). A more recent analysis ( Vincent and Mekis 2006 ) using a longer time series supports earlier findings ( Zhang et al. 2000
1. Introduction Long-term variations in near-surface wind speed, as measured by linear trends, have a marked impact on a variety of applications including wind energy, building construction, coastal erosion, evaporation rates, among others. Despite this, the robustness and causes of variations in near-surface wind remain poorly understood. Several recent studies have reported significant linear wind speed trends, mostly toward declining winds, in the last decades around the globe. Guo et al
1. Introduction Long-term variations in near-surface wind speed, as measured by linear trends, have a marked impact on a variety of applications including wind energy, building construction, coastal erosion, evaporation rates, among others. Despite this, the robustness and causes of variations in near-surface wind remain poorly understood. Several recent studies have reported significant linear wind speed trends, mostly toward declining winds, in the last decades around the globe. Guo et al
effects. Snow is an important component of annual runoff, recharge, and water supplies, and greatly affects water management in the northern and western United States. Rapid melt of snowpack is a major cause of floods in the northern United States. Recent studies have examined historical variability in snow cover ( Hughes and Robinson 1996 ; Frei et al. 1999 ). However, studies of trends in other aspects of snow climatology, such as snowfall and snow depth, have generally examined records from the
effects. Snow is an important component of annual runoff, recharge, and water supplies, and greatly affects water management in the northern and western United States. Rapid melt of snowpack is a major cause of floods in the northern United States. Recent studies have examined historical variability in snow cover ( Hughes and Robinson 1996 ; Frei et al. 1999 ). However, studies of trends in other aspects of snow climatology, such as snowfall and snow depth, have generally examined records from the
of Euros ( Kunz and Puskeiler 2010 ). Consequently, hail climatologies and trends have been developed, permitting the identification of hail-affected areas, hail frequency, its seasonality, and intensity. Lately, damaging hailstorms were reported and hail studies have been developed for different regions of the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Australia. These studies used data obtained from point measurements such as weather stations and hailpads, but also from
of Euros ( Kunz and Puskeiler 2010 ). Consequently, hail climatologies and trends have been developed, permitting the identification of hail-affected areas, hail frequency, its seasonality, and intensity. Lately, damaging hailstorms were reported and hail studies have been developed for different regions of the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Australia. These studies used data obtained from point measurements such as weather stations and hailpads, but also from
et al. 2008 ; Gong et al. 2013 ); however, the relevant studies on the distributions and trends of convective activities are few and merit further investigations. The weather and climate on the TP are affected by atmospheric circulation on various temporal and spatial scales. They are directly linked with the midlatitude westerlies and Hadley circulation ( Nigam and Lindzen 1989 ; Zhang et al. 2006 ; Lu et al. 2007 ; Schiemann et al. 2009 ; Kang and Lu 2012 ; Yao et al. 2013 ; Molg et al
et al. 2008 ; Gong et al. 2013 ); however, the relevant studies on the distributions and trends of convective activities are few and merit further investigations. The weather and climate on the TP are affected by atmospheric circulation on various temporal and spatial scales. They are directly linked with the midlatitude westerlies and Hadley circulation ( Nigam and Lindzen 1989 ; Zhang et al. 2006 ; Lu et al. 2007 ; Schiemann et al. 2009 ; Kang and Lu 2012 ; Yao et al. 2013 ; Molg et al
