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seeding program, lasting multiple years and using multiple correlated target areas, was recommended for the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project (WWMPP; Breed et al. 2014 , hereafter B14 ) to provide the data needed to perform an evaluation of the likely amount of extra precipitation produced as a result of cloud seeding over two mountain ranges in Wyoming. The WWMPP following the design of B14 was a 6-yr, randomized cloud-seeding experiment in operation from 2008 to 2013. The statistical
seeding program, lasting multiple years and using multiple correlated target areas, was recommended for the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project (WWMPP; Breed et al. 2014 , hereafter B14 ) to provide the data needed to perform an evaluation of the likely amount of extra precipitation produced as a result of cloud seeding over two mountain ranges in Wyoming. The WWMPP following the design of B14 was a 6-yr, randomized cloud-seeding experiment in operation from 2008 to 2013. The statistical
suggest that orographic seeding has the potential to enhance precipitation under certain well-constrained conditions. Results from programs such as these, coupled with an extended drought in the western United States, led the State of Wyoming to fund a winter orographic precipitation enhancement study, called the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project (WWMPP). 2. WWMPP In response to requests from the Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts and other stakeholders, the Wyoming State
suggest that orographic seeding has the potential to enhance precipitation under certain well-constrained conditions. Results from programs such as these, coupled with an extended drought in the western United States, led the State of Wyoming to fund a winter orographic precipitation enhancement study, called the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project (WWMPP). 2. WWMPP In response to requests from the Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts and other stakeholders, the Wyoming State
variations in previous results, a lack of scientifically conclusive results, and/or potential flaws in experimental designs, the impact of glaciogenic seeding on the wintertime snowpack remains to be successfully proven. In 2008 the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project (WWMPP), a multiyear RSE, began in southeastern Wyoming to extend and improve upon earlier glaciogenic RSEs and investigate the benefits of glaciogenic seeding to aide in the alleviation of drought conditions. The experimental design
variations in previous results, a lack of scientifically conclusive results, and/or potential flaws in experimental designs, the impact of glaciogenic seeding on the wintertime snowpack remains to be successfully proven. In 2008 the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project (WWMPP), a multiyear RSE, began in southeastern Wyoming to extend and improve upon earlier glaciogenic RSEs and investigate the benefits of glaciogenic seeding to aide in the alleviation of drought conditions. The experimental design
$72 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VoLU~E17Weather Modification: The Economic Context EA~. R. Sw~a~so~Deparlr,~O of .4gricullural ~conomic;~ Uni~er~ily o! Illinois, Urbana-Ckampai~n 61801(Manuscript received 2 November 1977, in final form 12 January 1978) There are two types of agricultural production technology--mechanical (labor-saving) and biologicalchemical (land-s~ving). Weather modification belongs to the
$72 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VoLU~E17Weather Modification: The Economic Context EA~. R. Sw~a~so~Deparlr,~O of .4gricullural ~conomic;~ Uni~er~ily o! Illinois, Urbana-Ckampai~n 61801(Manuscript received 2 November 1977, in final form 12 January 1978) There are two types of agricultural production technology--mechanical (labor-saving) and biologicalchemical (land-s~ving). Weather modification belongs to the
JuNE 1978 BERNARD A. SILVERMAN. 867What Do We Need in Weather Modification?BERNARD A. SILVERMANBureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. 80225 (Manuscript received 13 March 1978)ABSTRACT The needs of weather modification are examined from the vantage point of a manager, from the Federalsector, of applied research and development in precipitation management. Several problems in the perspective with
JuNE 1978 BERNARD A. SILVERMAN. 867What Do We Need in Weather Modification?BERNARD A. SILVERMANBureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. 80225 (Manuscript received 13 March 1978)ABSTRACT The needs of weather modification are examined from the vantage point of a manager, from the Federalsector, of applied research and development in precipitation management. Several problems in the perspective with
858 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY Vo~.uM~l?What Weather Modification Needs--A Scientist's View JOANNE $1~P$ON~ Unlve~ity of Virginia, Cka~lot~r~illz 22903(Manuscript received 28 October 1977, in final form 1 February 1978)ABSTRACTThe scientific and technological aspects of weather modification are addressed, emphasizing the need forphysical understanding, sequential development
858 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY Vo~.uM~l?What Weather Modification Needs--A Scientist's View JOANNE $1~P$ON~ Unlve~ity of Virginia, Cka~lot~r~illz 22903(Manuscript received 28 October 1977, in final form 1 February 1978)ABSTRACTThe scientific and technological aspects of weather modification are addressed, emphasizing the need forphysical understanding, sequential development
876 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLUMSI?What Weather Modification Needs: An Insurance Perspective E. RAY Foss]~Crop-Hail Insurance Actuarial Association, Chicago, Ill. 60606(Manuscript received 19 October 1977, in final form 30 November 1977) Individuals and businesses use insurance as one important means of dealing with uncertainty. Whilethe insurance industry does not require the
876 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLUMSI?What Weather Modification Needs: An Insurance Perspective E. RAY Foss]~Crop-Hail Insurance Actuarial Association, Chicago, Ill. 60606(Manuscript received 19 October 1977, in final form 30 November 1977) Individuals and businesses use insurance as one important means of dealing with uncertainty. Whilethe insurance industry does not require the
weather modification has progressed hand in hand with scientific understanding. The following two sections deal with two applications that are implicit parts of twentieth- and twenty-first-century progress and that could not function without meteorological knowledge—aviation ( section 3 ) and national security ( section 4 ). To limit the scope, both of these sections focus on advances in the United States, which did lead the world in these arenas for some time; more recently, however, parallel
weather modification has progressed hand in hand with scientific understanding. The following two sections deal with two applications that are implicit parts of twentieth- and twenty-first-century progress and that could not function without meteorological knowledge—aviation ( section 3 ) and national security ( section 4 ). To limit the scope, both of these sections focus on advances in the United States, which did lead the world in these arenas for some time; more recently, however, parallel
A brief history of cloud seeding to increase precipitation Attempts at weather modification have a long and colorful history ( Haupt et al. 2018 ). Both Zeus in the Greek mythology and the Dragon King in ancient Chinese culture are rain gods. Many ancient societies conducted elaborate rituals as a means of pleading with the gods for favorable weather. Across history, many bright minds have tried a variety of methods to enhance precipitation in the face of droughts. In the late 1940s, a
A brief history of cloud seeding to increase precipitation Attempts at weather modification have a long and colorful history ( Haupt et al. 2018 ). Both Zeus in the Greek mythology and the Dragon King in ancient Chinese culture are rain gods. Many ancient societies conducted elaborate rituals as a means of pleading with the gods for favorable weather. Across history, many bright minds have tried a variety of methods to enhance precipitation in the face of droughts. In the late 1940s, a
be dispersed such that it blends with the SLW at sufficiently low temperatures. Second, several numerical schemes have been developed recently that capture the cloud microphysical impact of AgI seeding. One AgI scheme, the Weather Research and Forecasting Weather Modification (WxMod) scheme ( Xue et al. 2013a , b ), uses the Thompson bulk microphysics scheme ( Thompson and Eidhammer 2014 ). A more recent AgI scheme is built on a bin-resolved cloud parameterization ( Geresdi et al. 2017 , 2020
be dispersed such that it blends with the SLW at sufficiently low temperatures. Second, several numerical schemes have been developed recently that capture the cloud microphysical impact of AgI seeding. One AgI scheme, the Weather Research and Forecasting Weather Modification (WxMod) scheme ( Xue et al. 2013a , b ), uses the Thompson bulk microphysics scheme ( Thompson and Eidhammer 2014 ). A more recent AgI scheme is built on a bin-resolved cloud parameterization ( Geresdi et al. 2017 , 2020
