Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Monte Carlo Simulation of Daily Regional Sulfur Distribution: Comparison with SURE Sulfate Data and Visual Range Observations during August 1977

D. E. Patterson Center for Air Pollution Impact and Trend Analysis (CAPITA), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130

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R. B. Husar Center for Air Pollution Impact and Trend Analysis (CAPITA), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130

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W. E. Wilson Regional Field Studies Office, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

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L. F. Smith Office of Energy Research, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20460

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Print Publication:
01 Apr 1981
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0404:MCSODR>2.0.CO;2
Page(s):
404–420
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Abstract

The daily distribution of sulfate concentration over the eastern United States during August 1977 is simulated by a Monte Carlo model using quantized emissions, positioned in accordance with the 1973 EPA SO2 emission inventory. Horizontal advection within a single well-mixed vertical layer is driven by observed surface winds, speeded by a factor of 2.5 and veered 20°. Direct simulation of regional diffusion is implemented by random perturbation of each quantum's trajectory over each 3 h time step, corresponding to K = 105m2 s−1. First order kinetics of SO2 to SO4− transformation and deposition of SO2 and SO4− are simulated by probabilistic choice among the chemical and physical pathways over each step. The simulated spatial distributions are compared on a daily basis to measured sulfate concentration from the Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE) and midday visual range observations, indicating the primary role of airmass residence time over the eastern United States in producing regional pollution. The light extinction coefficient, bext and SURE SO4− show remarkable spatial and temporal agreement throughout the month. The correlations of daily average SO4− concentration and bext over the SURE region with the Monte Carlo simulation are 0.63 and 0.67, respectively. The correlation between daily average bext and measured SO4− is 0.84.

Abstract

The daily distribution of sulfate concentration over the eastern United States during August 1977 is simulated by a Monte Carlo model using quantized emissions, positioned in accordance with the 1973 EPA SO2 emission inventory. Horizontal advection within a single well-mixed vertical layer is driven by observed surface winds, speeded by a factor of 2.5 and veered 20°. Direct simulation of regional diffusion is implemented by random perturbation of each quantum's trajectory over each 3 h time step, corresponding to K = 105m2 s−1. First order kinetics of SO2 to SO4− transformation and deposition of SO2 and SO4− are simulated by probabilistic choice among the chemical and physical pathways over each step. The simulated spatial distributions are compared on a daily basis to measured sulfate concentration from the Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE) and midday visual range observations, indicating the primary role of airmass residence time over the eastern United States in producing regional pollution. The light extinction coefficient, bext and SURE SO4− show remarkable spatial and temporal agreement throughout the month. The correlations of daily average SO4− concentration and bext over the SURE region with the Monte Carlo simulation are 0.63 and 0.67, respectively. The correlation between daily average bext and measured SO4− is 0.84.

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