Abstract
Lidar measurements of wind, temperature and water vapor, using a variety of techniques that rely on the detection and analysis of laser light backscattered from the atmosphere, allow data to be obtained that are similar to those hypothetically available from a meteorologically instrumented lower extending to 1 km altitude (or more). This paper reviews these various recent accomplishments in lidar instrumentation without attempting historical completeness. Based on criteria of 1) altitude resolution to 50 m, 2) tower-like measurement geometry, 3) hardware commonality between techniques and 4) daytime as well as nighttime operation, the intercomparison results in recommended techniques to be combined for a compact, mobile lidar “tower.” For horizontal wind, recommendations include pulsed time-of-flight lidar, for vertical wind, pulsed direct Doppler lidar at visible or shorter wavelengths; for temperature, Cabannes-scattering linewidth or rotational Raman band shape; and for water vapor, vibrational Raman scattering. Although further development of some of these techniques is needed to achieve the desired range and resolution, results in the literature support the conclusion that a lidar tower is a feasible concept for meteorological measurements under conditions allowing direct optical propagation.
