Abstract
A numerical atmospheric boundary layer model, based on higher-order turbulence closure assumptions, is developed and used to simulate the local advection of momentum, heat, and moisture during the melt of patchy snow covers over a 10-km horizontal domain. The coupled model includes solution of the mass continuity equation, the horizontal and vertical momentum equations, an E−ε turbulence model, an energy equation, and a water vapor conservation equation. Atmospheric buoyancy is accounted for, and a land surface energy balance model is implemented at the lower boundary.
Model integrations indicate that advective processes occurring at local scales produce nonlinear horizontal variations in surface fluxes. Under conditions of the numerical experiments, the energy available to melt snow-covered regions has been found to increase by as much as 30% as the area of exposed vegetation increases upwind of the snow cover. The melt increase is found to vary in a largely linear fashion with decreasing snow-covered area for snow-covered areas greater than 25% and in a strongly nonlinear fashion below that value. Decreasing the ratio of patch size to total area, or increasing the patchiness, of the snow cover also leads to nonlinear increases in the energy available to melt the snow. In the limit of a snow cover composed of small patches, melt energy is found to increase linearly as the fractional snow-covered area decreases. In addition, for the purpose of computing grid-average surface fluxes during snowmelt in regional atmospheric models, the results of this study indicate that separate energy balance computations can be performed over the snow-covered and vegetation-covered regions, and the resulting fluxes can be weighted in proportion to the fractional snow cover to allocate the total energy flux partitioning within each surface grid cell.
