1. Introduction
There is now widespread recognition that dual-polarized radars, as compared to single polarization radars, can significantly increase the amount of meteorological information gathered. The two most common ways to accomplish dual-polarimetric measurements are by 1) using fast alternating horizontal (H) and vertical (V) polarization transmission and 2) using simultaneous H and V polarization transmission (SHV), both of which employ simultaneous reception of H and V polarizations.
As discussed in Hubbert et al. (2010, hereafter Part I), the premise of the SHV technique to achieve unbiased dual-polarimetric measurements is that there is negligible cross coupling of the H and V transmitted fields. The two primary causes of cross coupling are the nonzero mean canting angle of the propagation medium and antenna polarization errors. In Part I, a radar model is developed that both demonstrates and quantifies 1) the effects of the nonzero mean canting angle of the propagation medium, 2) antenna polarization errors, and 3) the effects of phase differences between the H and V components of the transmitted wave. Herein, experimental data from the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR’s) S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol) are used to illustrate the theory developed in Part I. Recently, S-Pol collected data in fast alternating H and V transmit (FHV) modes, followed immediately by data collected in SHV mode. These data clearly illustrate the effects of antenna polarization errors on SHV mode Zdr. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that such data have been collected and intercompared. Data from the National Severe Storm Laboratory’s (NSSL’s) S-band research radar KOUN are also used to demonstrate the effects of antenna polarization errors on SHV Zdr.
The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, S-Pol data are used to illustrate SHV Zdr biases caused by cross coupling. The principle of self-consistency (Gorgucci et al. 1992; Vivekanandan et al. 2003) is used to show the deleterious effects of antenna polarization errors on SHV Zdr measurements in rain. S-Pol antenna error estimates from Part I are used to correct SHV Zdr bias. In section 3, KOUN data are analyzed for antenna polarization errors. The summary and conclusions are given in section 4.
2. S-Pol experimental SHV data
During May and June of 2008, S-Pol was deployed in southern Taiwan for the Terrain-Influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (TiMREX). S-Pol was operated in the FHV transmit mode for the majority of the project (normal operation mode). However, limited data were collected in the SHV mode interleaved with the FHV data. Thus, SHV and FHV data that were gathered only minutes apart can be compared. The following two cases are examined: 1) 8.6° elevation data, which demonstrate Zdr (differential reflectivity) bias, likely caused by the non-0 mean canting angle of the propagation medium, and 2) 2.0° elevation data, which demonstrate Zdr bias in rain caused by antenna polarization errors. The S-Pol data presented here were gathered on 2 June 2009.
a. SHV Zdr bias in the ice phase
As shown in Part I, the non-0 mean canting angle of the propagation medium causes cross coupling between the H and V components of the electric field. The data presented here show SHV Zdr bias stripes along the radar radials that appear after the wave has propagated through the several kilometers of the ice phase. Only a few degrees of principal plane ϕdp need to accumulate before significant Zdr bias (i.e., tenths of a decibel) is observed if there is a significant nonzero mean canting angle.
Figures 1a–c show S-Pol FHV mode Z (reflectivity), Zdr, and ϕdp gathered at 0619:36 UTC at 8.6° elevation. Figures 1d–f show SHV Z, Zdr, and ϕdp gathered at 0613:59 UTC at 8.6° elevation. A line of convective cells lies to the southeast of the radar, with trailing stratiform rain to the west. Storm cells were moving from west to east. At about 35-km range, high and variable Zdr values mark the bright band. Note the radial stripes of Zdr in the SHV mode data beyond the bright band (Fig. 1e). No Zdr radial stripes are evident in the FHV Zdr data of Fig. 1b. The Zdr striping in Fig. 1e is likely due to the non-0 mean canting angle of the ice particles in the propagation path, in agreement with Ryzhkov and Zrnić (2007). Figures 1c,f show that FHV and SHV ϕdp are similar. This is expected from the model, even though significant differences between SHV and FHV Kdp (specific differential phase) can occur for large non-0 mean canting angle of the precipitation medium coupled with significant increase of ϕdp. Both plots show a similarly large ϕdp increase versus range with a maximum increase of about 30° along the 178° radial. Such a large increase of ϕdp in the ice phase of storms indicates that there are highly aligned ice crystals, which could be due to electrification (Caylor and Chandrasekar 1996). It is difficult to precisely quantify the mechanisms that cause the radial SHV Zdr biases that are evident in Fig. 1e without having in situ verification of the precipitation particle size and shape. These figures do indicate that there is a significant alignment of the ice particles, and the radar model from Part I shows that such radial SHV Zdr bias stripes can be caused by such particles if they posses a nonzero mean canting angle.
b. SHV Zdr bias in rain
Less well known is the possible SHV Zdr bias in rain resulting from antenna polarization errors. It was demonstrated in Part I that radars that have an LDR system limit of −30 to −35 dB posses antenna polarization errors on the order of 1°–0.5° when these errors are quantified with the polarization descriptors of canting and ellipticity angle of the polarization ellipse. Furthermore, the radar model showed that for these antenna error levels, an SHV Zdr bias of up to about a 0.5-dB maximum can occur when ϕdp increases significantly. In this section we present experimental data that demonstrate the existence of this SHV Zdr bias in rain.
Figures 2a–c show S-Pol FHV mode Z, Zdr, and ϕdp gathered at 0617:06 UTC at 2.0° elevation. Figures 2d,e show SHV Z and Zdr gathered at 0611:28 UTC at 2.0° elevation. There is no Zdr striping evident in the SHV data of Fig. 2e because the elevation angle is low and most of the data are in rain, which should have a 0 mean canting angle. The SHV and FHV Zdr data appear fairly comparable, but in fact, there is a bias in the SHV data. To show this, we employ the self-consistency Z calibration technique of Vivekanandan et al. (2003). The technique is based on the relationship of Z, Zdr, and ϕdp in rain. Assuming the typical range of raindrop sizes and shape equilibrium distributions, ϕdp can be estimated from measured Z and Zdr. This estimated 
Shown in Fig. 3 is a scatterplot of 
To further illustrate this SHV Zdr bias, Zdr is averaged under the constraint of 20 dBZ < Z < 25 dBZ for different ranges of ϕdp. The ϕdp ranges reflect the different bias characteristics at different ϕdp values shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, the data are partitioned into the following three categories: 1) 20° < ϕdp < 40°, 2) 40° < ϕdp < 70°, and 3) 70° < ϕdp < 100°. The results are given in Table 1. For low ϕdp the SHV and FHV Zdr values are approximately equal; for 40° < ϕdp < 70° they differ by 0.11 dB, and for 70° < ϕdp < 100° they differ by 0.27 dB. This increasing difference between FHV and SHV Zdr as a function of ϕdp is consistent with the Zdr bias predicted for antenna errors of radar systems with an LDR limit in the −30 to −35 dB range. Note that the Zdr values in Table 1 are not corrected for differential attenuation; hence, measured Zdr decreases with increasing ϕdp.
c. Quantifying and correcting Zdr bias caused by antenna polarization errors
To support the assertion that the FHV and SHV Zdr differences seen above are a result of antenna polarization errors, the S-Pol antenna errors calculated in Part I are now used in the model to compute an estimated SHV Zdr bias. The errors are αh = 0°, εh = −0.91° and αυ = 90°, ευ = 0.69°, which corresponds to ξh = −j0.0159 and ξυ = −j0.0120. This is not to say that these are the actual S-Pol antenna errors. For example, there is, no doubt, some small amount of tilt angle error; however, as shown in Part I, the ellipticity angle errors must dominate because of the nature of the measured Ω (the H-to-V correlation coefficient from solar scans; see Part I) and the LDR system limit. These estimated antenna errors are used in the model and the results are shown in Fig. 5. There are no transmit errors [i.e., Eht = Eυt, (see Part I for definitions)], the mean canting angle of the propagation medium is 0, and the backscatter medium is drizzle. As is seen, the Zdr bias becomes more positive with increasing ϕdp in a similar fashion to that in the above experimental data. The model also predicts that in FHV mode, the measured LDRh (LDR for H polarization transmission) decreases with increasing ϕdp instead of increasing resulting from differential attenuation, as is normally expected. This type of LDRh behavior is observed with S-Pol data for long paths of increasing ϕdp. Thus, the model predicts the general behavior of the observed SHV Zdr bias and FHV LDRh well. A more precise estimate of the antenna errors could be made if the transmit polarization state could be measured and if the differential phase shift incurred from the reference plane to the I and Q samples were determined. While in principle this can be done, in practice it is not straightforward. To do this, the impedance mismatch of the measurement system and waveguide coupler to the radar system would need to be determined; this would require a vector network analyzer, and such a measurement was not attempted. However, the present analysis demonstrates the magnitude and the general character of antenna polarization errors, and their deleterious effect on SHV mode Zdr.
Finally, the SHV experimental data of Fig. 4 are corrected using the modeled Zdr bias values from Fig. 5 as a function of measured ϕdp. The self-consistency technique is then again applied to the corrected data and the result is shown in Fig. 6. As can be seen the data are now better clustered around the one-to-one line as compared to the uncorrected data of Fig. 4.
3. KOUN data example of antenna polarization errors
The following section uses data gathered by KOUN, NSSL’s S-band research radar, on 30 March 2007 through a convective line that produced over 300° of the ϕdp increase and serves as another example of SHV Zdr bias caused by antenna polarization errors. This rain event was described by local meteorologists as being more tropical in nature, with fewer large drops than typically occur in Oklahoma rainstorms (T. Schuur, Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, 2008, personal communication). This is confirmed by the National Weather Service (NWS) sounding data for the time period that shows a moist profile through a deep layer, low vertical wind shear, and relatively low convective available potential energy (CAPE = 834 J). Furthermore, there were no hail reports in Oklahoma from the National Weather Service or the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS). Thus, this is an excellent dataset for the analysis of antenna polarization errors. The KOUN antenna is similar to the antennas used on the NWS’s operational radars [i.e., Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD)] except it has a dual-polarized feed horn. It has a center-fed parabolic reflector with three support struts. The 1.5° elevation angle data are used in our analysis to avoid the influence of partial beam blockage.
Because KOUN does not operate in FHV mode, only the SHV data are available and no FHV mode data are available for comparison. Nevertheless, the self-consistency Z calibration technique can be used to ascertain the presence of Zdr bias resulting from the cross coupling between the H and V channels. To calibrate KOUN data, plan position indicator (PPI) plots of Z and Zdr are inspected in regions of light rain/drizzle with low reflectivity and very low ϕdp accumulation, so that intrinsic Zdr should be about 0 dB. From this data, the Zdr bias is estimated to be 0.6 dB. Next, using the self-consistency principle, the scatterplot of
The method of Vivekanandan et al. (2003) is applied to the KOUN data that are calibrated as described above. Once again, the scatterplot of ϕdp calculated from Z and Zdr versus measured ϕdp should cluster around the one-to-one line. Figure 8 shows this plot for the KOUN data. The data points are clustered around the one-to-one line for measured ϕdp less than about 50°, but data points are biased low for measured ϕdp greater than about 50°. Because there are no reference FHV data for comparison, data self-consistency is used to demonstrate the Zdr bias in the KOUN data.
The Zdr attenuation correction as well as the Z correction for attenuation will affect the nature of the scatter, and there is a degree of uncertainty to these corrections. However, Vivekanandan et al. (2003) show that the scatterplots of 
a. Estimating KOUN antenna polarization errors
While it is impossible to calculate the KOUN antenna polarization errors, as was done for S-Pol, a rough estimate can be made based on the data displayed in Fig. 8 using trial and error and the model described in Part I. The antenna polarization error parameters are varied and the model is used to generate Zdr bias curves. The KOUN Zdr is then corrected and scatterplots of
The suggested Zdr bias correction curve of Fig. 9 is now used to correct the KOUN Zdr data. As can be seen in Fig. 10, the character of the self-consistency plot has improved: the scatter points are now more closely distributed around the one-to-one line as compared to the uncorrected data of Fig. 8. Thus, these estimated antenna errors are judged to be reasonable approximations of the true KOUN antenna errors.
Additional evidence of the validity of the antenna error corrections is provided by Figs. 11a,b. The data in both figures were corrected for attenuation and differential attenuation using Eqs. (17) and (18) from Vivekanandan et al. (2003). Figure 11a shows a scatterplot of uncorrected mean Zdr versus Z in 5-dB reflectivity bins for ϕdp > 175° (thick solid line) and ϕdp < 175° (thin solid line). The relationship of Illingworth and Caylor (1989) is again plotted as the dashed line in both panels of Figs. 11a,b. Figure 11b is similar to Fig. 11a, except Zdr has now been corrected for antenna polarization errors by using the curve from Fig. 9. Figure 11a shows that the thin and thick plotted lines are significantly above and below, respectively, the theoretical dashed curve. The observed bias is consistent with Zdr being biased high, where ϕdp is less than 175°, and biased low, where ϕdp is greater than 175°, as predicted by Fig. 9. In comparison, the corrected data of Fig. 11b now yield curves that are much more consistent and agree with the theoretical curve of Illingworth and Caylor (1989). Note that there are fewer data available for ϕdp greater than 175° than for ϕdp less than 175°, resulting in the smaller data coverage of the thick black lines in Figs. 11a,b.
4. Summary and conclusions
Simultaneous transmission of H and V polarized waves (the SHV mode) is now a popular way to construct dual-polarization radar systems, largely because of the lower cost and technical simplicity: an expensive, fast, high-power polarization switch is avoided. This paper has shown that data quality issues will likely limit the cost–benefit of the SHV technique unless antenna polarization errors can be reduced so that the cross-polar isolation is better than 40 dB, which is a figure that is difficult to achieve for center-fed parabolic reflector antennas.
S-Pol data from the Terrain-Influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (TiMREX) were used to demonstrate the Zdr bias in both the ice phase of storms and in pure rain. S-Pol SHV data were compared to fast alternating H and V transmit (FHV) data, which are relatively free of biases caused by interchannel cross coupling (Wang and Chandrasekar 2006). S-Pol SHV mode Zdr bias was shown to be about 0.3 dB after about 80° of ϕdp accumulation in pure rain. Fortunately, small antenna polarization errors such as those found on S-Pol do not significantly bias either Kdp or ρhv. For the antenna errors considered in this paper, the radar model showed that biases in Kdp or ρhv are both within about 2% of their nominal unbiased values.
SHV radar data from KOUN were also analyzed for antenna polarization errors. This was more difficult because there is no FHV truth data for comparison. Nevertheless, the antenna polarization errors were estimated using the radar model and the principle of self-consistency among Z, Zdr, and ϕdp, and Z − Zdr scatterplots. The KOUN analyzed data contained over 300° of accumulative ϕdp, and therefore they made an excellent case for examining Zdr bias in rain caused by antenna polarization errors. Using the radar model, Zdr biases were shown to be positive (about 0.5 dB maximum) for ϕdp < 180° and negative (about −0.5 dB minimum) for ϕdp > 180°.
Mitigation of the SHV mode Zdr bias caused by antenna errors will be difficult. First of all they are very difficult to quantify precisely. If the errors were known exactly, then the data could be corrected. This would only be valid in regions of homogeneous distributions of precipitation particles because antenna errors are not constant across the antenna beam. Thus, reflectivity gradients will affect the magnitude of the Zdr bias. Additionally, radome seams and irregularities as well as radome wetting will also cause polarization errors and measurement biases. Such errors were not considered here (S-Pol operates without a radome and hence is free of these errors). The most promising path to reducing the SHV mode Zdr bias is to reduce the antenna polarization errors via antenna design. However, our model shows that if Zdr bias is to be kept below 0.2 dB, assuming antenna polarization errors are similar in character to S-Pol’s antenna errors, the system LDR limit must be reduced to about −40 dB. This is largely in agreement with Wang and Chandrasekar (2006) who quote a similar requirement of a −44-dB system LDR limit. Our estimated antenna errors are not worst case as was used by Wang and Chandrasekar (2006). Such a low LDR limit figure may not be cost effective to achieve with center-feed parabolic antennas, and this cost must be considered against the above-mentioned cost–benefit of implementing SHV mode dual polarization.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported in part by the Radar Operations Center (ROC) of Norman, Oklahoma. The authors thank Terry Schuur of the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, for supplying the KOUN data, software assistance, and technical discussions. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
REFERENCES
Caylor, I., and Chandrasekar V. , 1996: Time-varying ice crystal orientation in thunderstorms observed with multiparameter radar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34 , 847–858.
Gorgucci, E., Scarchilli G. , and Chandrasekar V. , 1992: Calibration of radars using polarimetric techniques. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30 , 853–858.
Hubbert, J., Ellis S. , Dixon M. , and Meymaris G. , 2010: Modeling, error analysis, and evaluation of dual-polarization variables obtained from simultaneous horizontal and vertical polarization transmit radar. Part I: Modeling and antenna errors. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 27 , 1583–1598.
Illingworth, A., and Caylor I. , 1989: Polarization radar estimates of raindrop size spectra and rainfall rates. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6 , 939–949.
Rinehart, R., 2004: Radar for Meteorologists. Rinehart Publications, 482 pp.
Ryzhkov, A., and Zrnić D. , 2007: Depolarization in ice crystals and its effect on radar polarimetric measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24 , 1256–1267.
Vivekanandan, J., Zhang G. , Ellis S. , Rajopadhyaya D. , and Avery S. , 2003: Radar reflectivity calibration using differential propagation phase measurement. Radio Sci., 38 , 8049.
Wang, Y., and Chandrasekar V. , 2006: Polarization isolation requirements for linear dual-polarization weather radar in simultaneous transmission mode of operation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44 , 2019–2028.
PPI data for 8.6° elevation. (left) FHV and (right) SHV data include (a),(d) reflectivity (Z), (b),(e) Zdr, and (c),(f) ϕdp. The data were gathered by S-Pol at 0619:36 UTC 2 Jun 2008 during TiMREX in southern Taiwan. Range rings are in 15-km increments.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
PPI data for 8.6° elevation. (left) FHV and (right) SHV data include (a),(d) reflectivity (Z), (b),(e) Zdr, and (c),(f) ϕdp. The data were gathered by S-Pol at 0619:36 UTC 2 Jun 2008 during TiMREX in southern Taiwan. Range rings are in 15-km increments.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
PPI data for 8.6° elevation. (left) FHV and (right) SHV data include (a),(d) reflectivity (Z), (b),(e) Zdr, and (c),(f) ϕdp. The data were gathered by S-Pol at 0619:36 UTC 2 Jun 2008 during TiMREX in southern Taiwan. Range rings are in 15-km increments.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 1, but for 2.0° elevation and without the SHV ϕdp panel. The data were gathered by S-Pol at 0616:06 UTC.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 1, but for 2.0° elevation and without the SHV ϕdp panel. The data were gathered by S-Pol at 0616:06 UTC.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 1, but for 2.0° elevation and without the SHV ϕdp panel. The data were gathered by S-Pol at 0616:06 UTC.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplot of calculated ϕdp (from Z and Zdr) vs measured ϕdp from TiMREX FHV data corresponding to Figs. 2a,b. The Z bias is about 0.03 dBZ.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplot of calculated ϕdp (from Z and Zdr) vs measured ϕdp from TiMREX FHV data corresponding to Figs. 2a,b. The Z bias is about 0.03 dBZ.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplot of calculated ϕdp (from Z and Zdr) vs measured ϕdp from TiMREX FHV data corresponding to Figs. 2a,b. The Z bias is about 0.03 dBZ.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 3, but for the SHV data corresponding to Figs. 2d,e. Data above approximately 50° are biased low (consistently fall below the one-to-one line). This is a manifestation of the Zdr bias caused by antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 3, but for the SHV data corresponding to Figs. 2d,e. Data above approximately 50° are biased low (consistently fall below the one-to-one line). This is a manifestation of the Zdr bias caused by antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 3, but for the SHV data corresponding to Figs. 2d,e. Data above approximately 50° are biased low (consistently fall below the one-to-one line). This is a manifestation of the Zdr bias caused by antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
SHV mode Zdr (solid line) and FHV mode LDRh (dashed line) from the model. The antenna polarization errors are αh = 0°, εh = −0.91° and αυ = 90°, ευ = 0.69°.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
SHV mode Zdr (solid line) and FHV mode LDRh (dashed line) from the model. The antenna polarization errors are αh = 0°, εh = −0.91° and αυ = 90°, ευ = 0.69°.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
SHV mode Zdr (solid line) and FHV mode LDRh (dashed line) from the model. The antenna polarization errors are αh = 0°, εh = −0.91° and αυ = 90°, ευ = 0.69°.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 3, but from TiMREX SHV data from Fig. 4, except Zdr is corrected as a function of measured ϕdp using the relationship in Fig. 5.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 3, but from TiMREX SHV data from Fig. 4, except Zdr is corrected as a function of measured ϕdp using the relationship in Fig. 5.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 3, but from TiMREX SHV data from Fig. 4, except Zdr is corrected as a function of measured ϕdp using the relationship in Fig. 5.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
The Zdr vs Z for KOUN data (solid line) and the theoretical curve given in Illingworth and Caylor (1989). The vertical bars represent one standard deviation of the KOUN data.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
The Zdr vs Z for KOUN data (solid line) and the theoretical curve given in Illingworth and Caylor (1989). The vertical bars represent one standard deviation of the KOUN data.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
The Zdr vs Z for KOUN data (solid line) and the theoretical curve given in Illingworth and Caylor (1989). The vertical bars represent one standard deviation of the KOUN data.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplot of calculated ϕdp (from Z and Zdr) vs measured ϕdp from KOUN SHV data gathered 30 Mar 2007. The slope of the straight line can be changed but the scatter points do not cluster symmetrically about the line. This is likely caused by antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplot of calculated ϕdp (from Z and Zdr) vs measured ϕdp from KOUN SHV data gathered 30 Mar 2007. The slope of the straight line can be changed but the scatter points do not cluster symmetrically about the line. This is likely caused by antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplot of calculated ϕdp (from Z and Zdr) vs measured ϕdp from KOUN SHV data gathered 30 Mar 2007. The slope of the straight line can be changed but the scatter points do not cluster symmetrically about the line. This is likely caused by antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
The SHV mode Zdr bias estimated from the model for KOUN data. The antenna polarization errors are αh = 1.7°, εh = −0.7° and αυ = 91.7°, ευ = 0.7°. The transmit polarization ellipse is characterized by α = 45° and ε = −30°.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
The SHV mode Zdr bias estimated from the model for KOUN data. The antenna polarization errors are αh = 1.7°, εh = −0.7° and αυ = 91.7°, ευ = 0.7°. The transmit polarization ellipse is characterized by α = 45° and ε = −30°.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
The SHV mode Zdr bias estimated from the model for KOUN data. The antenna polarization errors are αh = 1.7°, εh = −0.7° and αυ = 91.7°, ευ = 0.7°. The transmit polarization ellipse is characterized by α = 45° and ε = −30°.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 8, except the Zdr data have been corrected using the Zdr bias curve from Fig. 9.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 8, except the Zdr data have been corrected using the Zdr bias curve from Fig. 9.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
As in Fig. 8, except the Zdr data have been corrected using the Zdr bias curve from Fig. 9.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplots of SHV mode Zdr vs Z from KOUN data gathered 30 Mar 2007. (a) Data with ϕdp < 175° (thin solid line) and > 175° (thick solid line) and the relationship of Illingworth and Caylor (1989; dashed lines). The data have been calibrated based on data with low accumulated ϕdp, corrected for attenuation and differential attenuation, but have not been corrected for antenna polarization errors. (b) Same as (a), except the data were corrected for antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplots of SHV mode Zdr vs Z from KOUN data gathered 30 Mar 2007. (a) Data with ϕdp < 175° (thin solid line) and > 175° (thick solid line) and the relationship of Illingworth and Caylor (1989; dashed lines). The data have been calibrated based on data with low accumulated ϕdp, corrected for attenuation and differential attenuation, but have not been corrected for antenna polarization errors. (b) Same as (a), except the data were corrected for antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
Scatterplots of SHV mode Zdr vs Z from KOUN data gathered 30 Mar 2007. (a) Data with ϕdp < 175° (thin solid line) and > 175° (thick solid line) and the relationship of Illingworth and Caylor (1989; dashed lines). The data have been calibrated based on data with low accumulated ϕdp, corrected for attenuation and differential attenuation, but have not been corrected for antenna polarization errors. (b) Same as (a), except the data were corrected for antenna polarization errors.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, 10; 10.1175/2010JTECHA1337.1
A comparison of Zdr values for FHV and SHV modes as a function of ϕdp. Reflectivities are limited to between 20 and 25 dBZ.
