1. Introduction
Lidar systems are able to provide information about the wind field approaching a wind turbine in advance, which can be used to assist wind turbine control. This field of investigations has increased significantly in recent years, and several controllers for load reduction or energy yield increase have been tested in simulations (see, e.g., Laks et al. 2010; Dunne et al. 2012; Schlipf et al. 2013b; Koerber and King 2011; Henriksen 2011; Kragh et al. 2013). The latest work also considers wind evolution (see Bossanyi 2012; Simley et al. 2012; Laks et al. 2013).
Initial field testing of lidar-assisted feedforward collective pitch control shows that improvement of the control performance can be confirmed in reality and proves that the performance of lidar-assisted control is dependent on the correlation between the lidar system and the turbine (see Schlipf et al. 2012a; Scholbrock et al. 2013).
In this work, a new analytic model of correlation between the rotor effective wind speed of the turbine and the lidar estimate is derived based on models of turbulent wind, lidar measurement, and wind evolution. Previous work is based on simulated or real measurements to the knowledge of the authors (see Schlipf et al. 2010a; Simley et al. 2013). Here, techniques from signal processing are used to build up a modular and extensible framework. This model can be used in the planning of a lidar-assisted control project to determine whether a lidar system is able to provide useful signals or to optimize the configuration or scanning pattern of a lidar system. Furthermore, the model was used successfully in field testing to evaluate the lidar measurements and to design an adaptive filter, the core of the used controller.
This paper is organized as follows. In section 2 the requirements for the feedforward collective pitch control are explained. In sections 3 and 4, the model for a perfect staring and a real scanning lidar is derived, which is evaluated with data from the field testing in section 5. The model is used in section 6 to optimize a lidar system, and conclusions and future work are discussed in section 7.
2. Requirements for control
Reducing fatigue and extreme loads of the structure is an important design goal for the control of large wind turbines. Transient events such as gusts represent an unknown disturbance to the control system. Conventional feedback controllers can only provide delayed compensation for such excitations, since the disturbance effects must propagate through the entire wind turbine before showing its effects in the measured outputs. This usually results in additional loads for the wind turbine and requires high actuator rates for the disturbance compensation. These effects can be avoided if the wind ahead of the wind turbine is measured by remote sensing techniques such as lidar and the information is fed to the turbine controller.
The magnitude of load reduction depends on the quality of the wind preview, expressed by the correlation of the lidar measurements and the turbine reaction. In this section the requirements of the correlation for lidar-assisted control are derived by a description of a feedforward collective pitch controller. The same approach can be used for the direct speed controller to optimize the energy yield (see Schlipf et al. 2013a).
The feedforward controller (see Fig. 1) is based on the work in Schlipf et al. (2010a) and combines the baseline feedback controller with a feedforward update. The main control goal of the collective pitch feedback controller ΣFB is to maintain the rated rotor speed Ωrated. The system Σ is disturbed by a wind field
3. Correlation of a perfect staring lidar system
4. Correlation of a real scanning lidar system
For a real scanning lidar system, the following effects are integrated into the semianalytic model: discrete scanning, wind evolution, spatial averaging, and wind reconstruction. These effects will make the calculation of υ0L more complex, but the main idea of the approach can still be used: The measured wind can be considered as a sum of signals and because of the linearity of the Fourier transformation, the spectra can be calculated by a sum of auto- and cross-spectra.
All effects except wind evolution are verified isolated and in combination with a lidar simulator from Schlipf et al. (2009) and a TurbSim wind field simulator (Jonkman and Buhl 2007). The model agrees with the correlation of the rotor effective wind speed from the simulated lidar and the wind field, if the wind field is only evaluated at the grid points, because interpolation in the grid overestimates the correlation.
In the following subsections the effects will be explained separately, giving a simple example. The spectrum of a real scanning lidar system is a combination of all these effects.
a. Discrete scanning
b. Wind evolution
c. Wind reconstruction
d. Spatial averaging
5. Evaluation with real data
The analytic and the semianalytic model are both evaluated with real data from the field testing of lidar-assisted control. Here, a scanning lidar system from the University of Stuttgart was installed at the National Wind Technology Center on the nacelle of the two-bladed Controls Advanced Research Turbine (CART2) with a rotor diameter of D = 42.7 m and a hub height of 36.8 m.
The signals necessary for this correlation study are obtained from lidar and turbine data; see Schlipf et al. (2012a) for more details. The rotor effective wind speed υ0 is estimated from measured turbine data by a nonlinear estimator. For the lidar system, a circular trajectory with nfp = 6 focus points in nfd = 5 focus distances equally distributed between 1D and 2D diameters and a scan time of T = 1.33 s were used. Figure 2 shows both signals from the considered 5-min period together with the wind speed measured with the anemometer on the nacelle. The lidar provides a preview signal that coincides with the wind speed estimate from the turbine for low frequencies. The anemometer measures a lower wind speed because of its position behind the rotor, which extracts energy from the wind. With the comparison to the analytic and semianalytic models, it can be confirmed that the lack of correlation for high frequencies is caused by the combination of the effects described in section 4.
a. Evaluation of the analytic model
The analytic model cannot be evaluated with a real lidar system because wind evolution and volume measurement cannot be neglected. Therefore, the anemometer signal is compared to rotor effective wind speed. Figure 3 shows that the transfer function based on (10) and (12) fits to the data. Confidence bounds are calculated based on Bendat and Piersol (1971). Furthermore, the transfer function based on the semianalytic model (16) with n = 357 equally over the rotor area distributed points with 2-m separation is close to the one of the fully analytic model. The separation distance is chosen as a compromise between accuracy and computational effort.
b. Evaluation of the semianalytic model
Figure 4 shows good agreement with the data. Based on this model, a filter depending on the mean wind speed
6. Lidar system optimization
The proposed model can be used to optimize the configuration or the scanning pattern of a lidar system. As an example the model is used to determine the optimum correlation of a lidar system with three independent beams on a turbine with D = 40 m. For this purpose, the measurement distance x and the scan radius r are varied in a brute force optimization (see Fig. 5). The value of the wavenumber
7. Conclusions and outlook
This work presents a model to estimate the correlation of the rotor effective wind speed between a lidar system and a wind turbine, considering different rotor diameters, spatial averaging, different scanning patterns, and wind evolution, which—in combination—are responsible for the level of correlation. The derived model is modular, and all changes can be applied in a straightforward manner that makes it usable to optimize the configuration and scan pattern of lidar systems. The model is evaluated with data from a field testing campaign, where the results were used to rate lidar measurements and to design the filter that is the crucial part of the successfully tested feedforward collective pitch controller. In future work the model will be extended to model the correlation of rotor effective shears for lidar-assisted cyclic pitch control.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Andreas Rettenmeier, Timo Maul, Davide Trabucchi, Eric Simley, and Ameya Sathe for the great discussions. Thanks to all persons involved in the ongoing control campaigns at NREL. Part of this research is funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) in the framework of the German joint research project “LIDAR II.”
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