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Article Type:
Research Article

Regional Climates

Tim Li3, Abdallah Abida6, Laura S. Aldeco7, Eric J. Alfaro8, Lincoln M. Alves9, Jorge A. Amador10, B. Andrade11, Julian Baez12, M. Yu. Bardin13, Endalkachew Bekele14, Eric Broedel15, Brandon Bukunt16, Blanca Calderón17, Jayaka D. Campbell18, Diego A. Campos Diaz19, Gilma Carvajal20, Elise Chandler21, Vincent. Y. S. Cheng22, Chulwoon Choi23, Leonardo A. Clarke24, Kris Correa25, Felipe Costa26, A. P. Cunha27, Mesut Demircan28, R. Dhurmea29, Eliecer A. Díaz30, M. ElKharrim31, Bantwale D. Enyew32, Jhan C. Espinoza33, Amin Fazl-Kazem34, Nava Fedaeff35, Z. Feng36, Chris Fenimore37, S. D. Francis38, Karin Gleason39, Charles “Chip” P. Guard40, Indra Gustari41, S. Hagos42, Richard R. Heim Jr.43, Rafael Hernández44, Hugo G. Hidalgo45, J. A. Ijampy46, Annie C. Joseph47, Guillaume Jumaux48, Khadija Kabidi49, Johannes W. Kaiser50, Pierre-Honore Kamsu-Tamo51, John Kennedy52, Valentina Khan53, Mai Van Khiem54, Khatuna Kokosadze55, Natalia N. Korshunova56, Andries C. Kruger57, Nato Kutaladze58, L. Labbé59, Mónika Lakatos60, Hoang Phuc Lam61, Mark A. Lander62, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro63, T. C. Lee64, Kinson H. Y. Leung65, Andrew D. Magee66, Jostein Mamen67, José A. Marengo68, Dora Marín69, Charlotte McBride70, Lia Megrelidze71, Noelia Misevicius72, Y. Mochizuki73, Aurel Moise74, Jorge Molina-Carpio75, Natali Mora76, Awatif E. Mostafa77, uan José Nieto78, Lamjav Oyunjargal79, Reynaldo Pascual Ramírez80, Maria Asuncion Pastor Saavedra81, Uwe Pfeifroth82, David Phillips83, Madhavan Rajeevan84, Andrea M. Ramos85, Jayashree V. Revadekar86, Miliaritiana Robjhon87, Ernesto Rodriguez Camino88, Esteban Rodriguez Guisado89, Josyane Ronchail90, Benjamin Rösner91, Roberto Salinas92, Amal Sayouri93, Carl J. Schreck III94, Serhat Sensoy95, A. Shimpo96, Fatou Sima97, Adam Smith98, Jacqueline Spence99, Sandra Spillane100, Arne Spitzer101, A. K. Srivastava102, José L. Stella103, Kimberly A. Stephenson104, Tannecia S. Stephenson105, Michael A. Taylor106, Wassila Thiaw107, Skie Tobin108, Dennis Todey109, Katja Trachte110, Adrian R. Trotman111, Gerard van der Schrier112, Cedric J. Van Meerbeeck113, Ahad Vazifeh114, José Vicencio Veloso115, Wei Wang116, Fei Xin117, Peiqun Zhang118, Zhiwei Zhu119, and Jonas Zucule120
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  • 1 Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany
  • | 2 Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • | 3 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA
  • | 4 Department of Physics, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
  • | 5 NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
  • | 6 Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie de l’Union des Comores, Moroni, Comoros
  • | 7 Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • | 8 Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
  • | 9 Centro de Ciencia do Sistema Terrestre/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São Paulo, Brazil
  • | 10 Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
  • | 11 Seychelles Meteorological Authority, Mahe, Seychelles
  • | 12 Universidad Católica Nuestra Senora de la Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
  • | 13 Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, and Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  • | 14 NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland
  • | 15 Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil
  • | 16 NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Guam
  • | 17 Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
  • | 18 Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
  • | 19 Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
  • | 20 Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Ecuador (INAMHI), Quito, Ecuador
  • | 21 Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • | 22 Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • | 23 Climate Prediction Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, South Korea
  • | 24 Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
  • | 25 Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú
  • | 26 Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador
  • | 27 Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil
  • | 28 Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey
  • | 29 Mauritius Meteorological Service, Vacoas, Mauritius
  • | 30 Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia
  • | 31 Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco
  • | 32 Department of Physics, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
  • | 33 Instituto Geofisico del Perú, Lima, Perú, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
  • | 34 National Center for Drought Monitoring and Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Tehran, Iran
  • | 35 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd. (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
  • | 36 Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
  • | 37 NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
  • | 38 National Weather Forecasting and Climate Research Centre, Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
  • | 39 NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
  • | 40 Tropical Weather Sciences, Sinajana, Guam
  • | 41 Climate Variability Analysis Division, Center for Climate Change Information, BMKG, Indonesia
  • | 42 Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
  • | 43 NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
  • | 44 Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Venezuela (INAMEH), Caracas, Venezuela
  • | 45 Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
  • | 46 Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
  • | 47 Dominica Meteorological Service, Canefield Airport, Canefield, Dominica
  • | 48 Météo France, Direction Interrégionale pour l’Océan Indien, Réunion
  • | 49 Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco
  • | 50 Deutscher Wetterdienst, Satellite-Based Climate Monitoring Division, Offenbach, Germany
  • | 51 NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland
  • | 52 Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
  • | 53 Hydrometcenter of Russia, WMO North EurAsia Climate Center, Moscow, Russia
  • | 54 Viet Nam National Center of Hydro-Meteorology Forecasting, Viet Nam Meteorology Hydrology Administration, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  • | 55 National Environmental Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
  • | 56 All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information - World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia
  • | 57 South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa
  • | 58 National Environmental Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
  • | 59 Météo France, Direction Interrégionale pour l’Océan Indien, Réunion
  • | 60 Climatology Unit, Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest, Hungary
  • | 61 Viet Nam National Center of Hydro-Meteorology Forecasting, Viet Nam Meteorology Hydrology Administration, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  • | 62 University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam
  • | 63 Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú
  • | 64 Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China
  • | 65 Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • | 66 Centre for Water, Climate and Land, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
  • | 67 Climate Division, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
  • | 68 Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas aos Desastres Naturais, Cachoeira Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
  • | 69 Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI), Lima, Perú
  • | 70 South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa
  • | 71 National Environmental Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
  • | 72 Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • | 73 Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
  • | 74 Centre for Climate Research Singapore, Meteorological Service, Singapore
  • | 75 Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
  • | 76 Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
  • | 77 Department of Seasonal Forecast and Climate Research, Cairo Numerical Weather Prediction, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt
  • | 78 Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador
  • | 79 National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  • | 80 National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico
  • | 81 Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Madrid, Spain
  • | 82 Deutscher Wetterdienst, Satellite-Based Climate Monitoring Division, Offenbach, Germany
  • | 83 Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • | 84 Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • | 85 Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, Brasilia, Brazil
  • | 86 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
  • | 87 NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland
  • | 88 Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Madrid, Spain
  • | 89 Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Madrid, Spain
  • | 90 Université Paris Diderot/Laboratoire LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France
  • | 91 Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  • | 92 Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología/Dirección Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil, Asunción, Paraguay
  • | 93 Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco
  • | 94 North Carolina State University, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites – North Carolina (CICS-NC), Asheville, North Carolina
  • | 95 Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey
  • | 96 Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan
  • | 97 Division of Meteorology, Department of Water Resources, Banjul, The Gambia
  • | 98 NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
  • | 99 Meteorological Service, Kingston, Jamaica
  • | 100 Met Éireann, Irish Meteorological Service, Dublin, Ireland
  • | 101 Deutscher Wetterdienst, Satellite-Based Climate Monitoring Division, Offenbach, Germany
  • | 102 India Meteorological Department, Pune, India
  • | 103 Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • | 104 Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
  • | 105 Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
  • | 106 Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
  • | 107 NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland
  • | 108 Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • | 109 Agricultural Research Service, USDA Midwest Climate Hub, Ames, Iowa
  • | 110 Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus, Germany
  • | 111 Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados
  • | 112 Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, Netherlands
  • | 113 Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados
  • | 114 National Center for Drought Monitoring and Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Tehran, Iran
  • | 115 Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
  • | 116 Minhang Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, China
  • | 117 Shanghai Climate Center, Shanghai, China
  • | 118 Beijing Climate Center, Beijing, China
  • | 119 Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China
  • | 120 Mozambique National Institute of Meteorology, Maputo, Mozambique
Published-online:
12 Aug 2020
Print Publication:
01 Aug 2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1
Page(s):
S321–S420
Free access

Corresponding author: North America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov., Central America and the Caribbean: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, South America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, Africa: Ademe Mekonnen / amekonne@ncat.edu, Europe: Peter Bissolli / Peter.Bissolli@dwd.de, Asia: Tim Li / timli@hawaii.edu, Oceania: Catherine Ganter / Catherine.Ganter@bom.gov.au

Corresponding author: North America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov., Central America and the Caribbean: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, South America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, Africa: Ademe Mekonnen / amekonne@ncat.edu, Europe: Peter Bissolli / Peter.Bissolli@dwd.de, Asia: Tim Li / timli@hawaii.edu, Oceania: Catherine Ganter / Catherine.Ganter@bom.gov.au
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