Cover Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 2633 777 155
PDF Downloads 2064 334 25
Article Type:
Research Article

Global Oceans

Molly BaringerNOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Molly Baringer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Mariana B. BifMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California

Search for other papers by Mariana B. Bif in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Tim BoyerNOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Search for other papers by Tim Boyer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Seth M. BushinskyUniversity of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i

Search for other papers by Seth M. Bushinsky in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Brendan R. CarterJoint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, and NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by Brendan R. Carter in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Ivona CetinićNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland

Search for other papers by Ivona Cetinić in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Don P. ChambersCollege of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida

Search for other papers by Don P. Chambers in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Lijing ChengInternational Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Search for other papers by Lijing Cheng in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Sanai ChibaJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan

Search for other papers by Sanai Chiba in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Minhan DaiXiamen University, Xiamen, China

Search for other papers by Minhan Dai in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Catia M. DominguesInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, and Australian Research Council’s Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

Search for other papers by Catia M. Domingues in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Shenfu DongNOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Shenfu Dong in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Andrea J. FassbenderMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California

Search for other papers by Andrea J. Fassbender in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Richard A. FeelyNOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by Richard A. Feely in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Eleanor Frajka-WilliamsNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Eleanor Frajka-Williams in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Bryan A. FranzNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Search for other papers by Bryan A. Franz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
John GilsonScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Search for other papers by John Gilson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Gustavo GoniNOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Gustavo Goni in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Benjamin D. HamlingtonNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California

Search for other papers by Benjamin D. Hamlington in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Zeng-Zhen HuNOAA/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Search for other papers by Zeng-Zhen Hu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Boyin HuangNOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Search for other papers by Boyin Huang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Masayoshi IshiiDepartment of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

Search for other papers by Masayoshi Ishii in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Svetlana JevrejevaNational Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Svetlana Jevrejeva in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
William E. JohnsRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by William E. Johns in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Gregory C. JohnsonNOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by Gregory C. Johnson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Kenneth S. JohnsonMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California

Search for other papers by Kenneth S. Johnson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
John KennedyMet Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by John Kennedy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Marion KersaléCooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida and NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Marion Kersalé in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Rachel E. KillickMet Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Rachel E. Killick in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Peter LandschützerMax Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

Search for other papers by Peter Landschützer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Matthias LankhorstScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Search for other papers by Matthias Lankhorst in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Tong LeeNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California

Search for other papers by Tong Lee in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Eric LeulietteNOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, Maryland

Search for other papers by Eric Leuliette in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Feili LiCollege of Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Search for other papers by Feili Li in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Eric LindstromSaildrone Inc., Alameda, California

Search for other papers by Eric Lindstrom in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Ricardo LocarniniNOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Search for other papers by Ricardo Locarnini in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Susan LozierCollege of Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Search for other papers by Susan Lozier in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
John M. LymanNOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, and Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i

Search for other papers by John M. Lyman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
John J. MarraNOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Honolulu, Hawai'i

Search for other papers by John J. Marra in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Christopher S. MeinenNOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Christopher S. Meinen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Mark A. MerrifieldScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Search for other papers by Mark A. Merrifield in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Gary T. MitchumCollege of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida

Search for other papers by Gary T. Mitchum in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Ben MoatNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Ben Moat in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Didier MonselesanCSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

Search for other papers by Didier Monselesan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
R. Steven NeremColorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Search for other papers by R. Steven Nerem in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Renellys C. PerezNOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Renellys C. Perez in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Sarah G. PurkeyScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Search for other papers by Sarah G. Purkey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Darren RaynerNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Darren Rayner in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
James ReaganEarth System Science Interdisciplinary Center/Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland and NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Search for other papers by James Reagan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Nicholas RomeConsortium for Ocean Leadership, Washington, D.C.

Search for other papers by Nicholas Rome in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Alejandra Sanchez-FranksNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Alejandra Sanchez-Franks in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Claudia SchmidNOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Claudia Schmid in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Joel P. ScottNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland and Science Application International Corporation, Beltsville, Maryland

Search for other papers by Joel P. Scott in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Uwe SendScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Search for other papers by Uwe Send in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
David A. SiegelUniversity of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California

Search for other papers by David A. Siegel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
David A. SmeedNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by David A. Smeed in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Sabrina SpeichÉcole Normale Supérieure Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France

Search for other papers by Sabrina Speich in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Paul W. Stackhouse Jr.NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

Search for other papers by Paul W. Stackhouse Jr. in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
William SweetNOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, Maryland

Search for other papers by William Sweet in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Yuichiro TakeshitaMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California

Search for other papers by Yuichiro Takeshita in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Philip R. ThompsonDepartment of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i

Search for other papers by Philip R. Thompson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Joaquin A. TriñanesLaboratory of Systems, Technological Research Institute, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida, and Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Joaquin A. Triñanes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Martin VisbeckGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Search for other papers by Martin Visbeck in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Denis L. VolkovCooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida and NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Denis L. Volkov in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Rik WanninkhofNOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Rik Wanninkhof in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Robert A. WellerWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Robert A. Weller in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Toby K. WestberryOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

Search for other papers by Toby K. Westberry in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Matthew J. WidlanskyJoint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i

Search for other papers by Matthew J. Widlansky in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Susan E. WijffelsWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Susan E. Wijffels in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Anne C. WilberScience Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia

Search for other papers by Anne C. Wilber in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Lisan YuWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Lisan Yu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Weidong YuNational Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, State Oceanic Administration, Beijing, China

Search for other papers by Weidong Yu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
, and
Huai-Min ZhangNOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Search for other papers by Huai-Min Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
Online Publication:
12 Aug 2020
Print Publication:
01 Aug 2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0105.1
Page(s):
S129–S184
Free access

Corresponding author: Rick Lumpkin / rick.lumpkin@noaa.gov

Corresponding author: Rick Lumpkin / rick.lumpkin@noaa.gov
Save