Article Type:
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Regional Climates

Peter Bissolli Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany

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Catherine Ganter Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Tim Li Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

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Ademe Mekonnen Department of Physics, North Carolina A & T University, Greensboro, North Carolina

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Ahira Sánchez-Lugo NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Eric J. Alfaro Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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Lincoln M. Alves Centro de Ciencia do Sistema Terrestre/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jorge A. Amador Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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B. Andrade Seychelles Meteorological Authority, Mahe, Seychelles

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Francisco Argeñalso Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany

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P. Asgarzadeh National Center for Climate and Drought Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran

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Julian Baez Universidad Católica Nuestra Senora de la Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay

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Reuben Barakiza Burundi Hydrometeorological Department, Bujumbura, Burundi

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M. Yu. Bardin Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology; Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

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Mikhail Bardin Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Moscow, Russia

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Oliver Bochníček Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovakia

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Brandon Bukunt NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Guam

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Blanca Calderón Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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Jayaka D. Campbell Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Elise Chandler Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Ladislaus Chang’a Tanzania Meteorological Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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Vincent Y. S. Cheng Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Leonardo A. Clarke Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Kris Correa Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

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Catalina Cortés Dirección de Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile

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Felipe Costa International Centre for Research on El Niño, Guayaqui, Ecuador

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A.P.M.A. Cunha Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Mesut Demircan Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey

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K. R. Dhurmea Mauritius Meteorological Service, Vacoas, Mauritius

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A. Diawara NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

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Sarah Diouf NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

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Dashkhuu Dulamsuren Climate change and resource research section, Information and Research, Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

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M. ElKharrim Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco

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Jhan-Carlo Espinoza Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France

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A. Fazl-Kazem National Center for Drought Monitoring and Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran

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Chris Fenimore NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Steven Fuhrman NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

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Karin Gleason NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Charles “Chip” P. Guard Tropical Weather Sciences, Sinajana, Guam

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Samson Hagos Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Department of Energy, Richland, Washington

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Mizuki Hanafusa Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

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H. R. Hasannezhad National Center for Climate and Drought Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran

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Richard R. Heim Jr. NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Hugo G. Hidalgo Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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J. A. Ijampy Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria

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Gyo Soon Im Climate Change Monitoring Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, South Korea

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Annie C. Joseph Dominica Meteorological Service, Canefield, Dominica

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G. Jumaux Météo France, Direction Interrégionale pour l’Océan Indien, Réunion

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K. R. Kabidi Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco

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P-H. Kamsu-Tamo NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

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John Kennedy Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

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Valentina Khan Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation/A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

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Mai Van Khiem Viet Nam National Center of Hydro-Meteorology Forecasting, Viet Nam Meteorology Hydrology Administration, Viet Nam

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Philemon King’uza Tanzania Meteorological Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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Natalia N. Korshunova All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information - World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia

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A. C. Kruger Climate Service, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa Lakatos, Mónika, Climatology Unit, Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest, Hungary

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Hoang Phuc Lam Viet Nam National Center of Hydro-Meteorology Forecasting, Viet Nam Meteorology Hydrology Administration, Viet Nam

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Mark A. Lander University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam

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Waldo Lavado-Casimiro Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

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Tsz-Cheung Lee Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China

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Kinson H. Y. Leung Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Gregor Macara National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand

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Jostein Mamen Climate Division, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

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José A. Marengo Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Charlotte McBride Climate Service, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa

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Noelia Misevicius Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Montevideo, Uruguay

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Aurel Moise Centre for Climate Research Singapore, Meteorological Service, Singapore

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Jorge Molina-Carpio Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia

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Natali Mora Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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Awatif E. Mostafa Department of Seasonal Forecast and Climate Research, Cairo Numerical Weather Prediction, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt

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Habiba Mtongori Tanzania Meteorological Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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Charles Mutai Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya

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O. Ndiaye Senegalese Meteorological Service, Dakar, Senegal

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Juan José Nieto International Centre for Research on El Niño, Guayaqui, Ecuador

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Latifa Nyembo Tanzania Meteorological Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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Patricia Nying’uro Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya

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Xiao Pan Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China

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Reynaldo Pascual Ramírez National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

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David Phillips Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Brad Pugh NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

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Madhavan Rajeevan Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India

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M. L. Rakotonirina Madagascar Meteorological Service, Madagascar

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Andrea M. Ramos Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, Brasilia, Brazil

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M. Robjhon NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

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Camino Rodriguez Ernesto, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Madrid, Spain

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Guisado Rodriguez Esteban, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Madrid, Spain

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Josyane Ronchail Laboratoire LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France

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Benjamin Rösner Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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Roberto Salinas Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología/Dirección Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil, Asunción, Paraguay

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Hirotaka Sato Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

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Serhat Sensoy Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey

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Sandra Spillane Met Éireann, Dublin, Ireland

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Katja Trachte Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany

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Gerard van der Schrier Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands

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F. Sima Division of Meteorology, Department of Water Resources, Banjul, The Gambia

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Adam Smith NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Jacqueline M. Spence Meteorological Service, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica

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José L. Stella Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Kimberly A. Stephenson Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Tannecia S. Stephenson Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Gerard Tamar Grenada Meteorological Office, St. George, Grenada

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Michael A. Taylor Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Asaminew Teshome Ethiopia Meteorological Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Wassila M. Thiaw Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany

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Skie Tobin Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Adrian R. Trotman Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados

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Cedric J. Van Meerbeeck Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados

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A. Vazifeh National Center for Drought Monitoring and Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran

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Shunya Wakamatsu Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

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Wei Wang Minhang Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, China

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Fei Xin Shanghai Climate Center, Shanghai, China

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F. Zeng Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Department of Energy, Richland, Washington

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Peiqun Zhang Beijing Climate Center, Beijing, China

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Zhiwei Zhu Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China

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Online Publication:
25 Aug 2021
Print Publication:
01 Aug 2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1
Page(s):
S357–S464
Free access

Corresponding authors: North America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov. Central America and the Caribbean: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, South America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, Africa: Ademe Mekonnen / amekonne@ncat.edu, Europe: Peter Bissolli / Peter.Bissolli@dwd.de, Asia: Tim Li / timli@hawaii.edu, Oceania: Catherine Ganter / Catherine.Ganter@bom.gov.au

Corresponding authors: North America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov. Central America and the Caribbean: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, South America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, Africa: Ademe Mekonnen / amekonne@ncat.edu, Europe: Peter Bissolli / Peter.Bissolli@dwd.de, Asia: Tim Li / timli@hawaii.edu, Oceania: Catherine Ganter / Catherine.Ganter@bom.gov.au
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