Article Type:
Research Article

Global Oceans

Gregory C. Johnson NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by Gregory C. Johnson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Rick Lumpkin NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Rick Lumpkin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Simone R. Alin NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by Simone R. Alin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Dillon J. Amaya Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

Search for other papers by Dillon J. Amaya in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Molly O. Baringer NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Molly O. Baringer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Tim Boyer NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Search for other papers by Tim Boyer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Peter Brandt GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Search for other papers by Peter Brandt in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Brendan R. Carter Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by Brendan R. Carter in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Ivona Cetinić NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland

Search for other papers by Ivona Cetinić in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Don P. Chambers College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida

Search for other papers by Don P. Chambers in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Lijing Cheng International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Search for other papers by Lijing Cheng in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Andrew U. Collins Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, Seattle, Washington, University of Washington,

Search for other papers by Andrew U. Collins in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Cathy Cosca NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by Cathy Cosca in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Ricardo Domingues Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Ricardo Domingues in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Shenfu Dong NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Shenfu Dong in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Richard A. Feely NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by Richard A. Feely in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Eleanor Frajka-Williams National Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Eleanor Frajka-Williams in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Bryan A. Franz NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Search for other papers by Bryan A. Franz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
John Gilson Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California

Search for other papers by John Gilson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Gustavo Goni NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Gustavo Goni in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Benjamin D. Hamlington Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia

Search for other papers by Benjamin D. Hamlington in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Josefine Herrford GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Search for other papers by Josefine Herrford in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Zeng-Zhen Hu NOAA/NWS NCEP Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Search for other papers by Zeng-Zhen Hu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Boyin Huang NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Search for other papers by Boyin Huang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Masayoshi Ishii Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

Search for other papers by Masayoshi Ishii in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Svetlana Jevrejeva National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Svetlana Jevrejeva in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
John J. Kennedy Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by John J. Kennedy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Marion Kersalé Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Marion Kersalé in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Rachel E. Killick Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Rachel E. Killick in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Peter Landschützer Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

Search for other papers by Peter Landschützer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Matthias Lankhorst Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California

Search for other papers by Matthias Lankhorst in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Eric Leuliette NOAA/NWS NCWCP Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, College Park, Maryland

Search for other papers by Eric Leuliette in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Ricardo Locarnini NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Search for other papers by Ricardo Locarnini in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
John M. Lyman Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii; NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Search for other papers by John M. Lyman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
John J. Marra NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Honolulu, Hawaii

Search for other papers by John J. Marra in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Christopher S. Meinen NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Christopher S. Meinen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Mark A. Merrifield Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Search for other papers by Mark A. Merrifield in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Gary T. Mitchum College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida

Search for other papers by Gary T. Mitchum in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Ben I. Moat National Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Ben I. Moat in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
R. Steven Nerem Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Search for other papers by R. Steven Nerem in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Renellys C. Perez NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Renellys C. Perez in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Sarah G. Purkey Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California

Search for other papers by Sarah G. Purkey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
James Reagan Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center/Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies–Maryland, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Search for other papers by James Reagan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Alejandra Sanchez-Franks National Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by Alejandra Sanchez-Franks in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Hillary A. Scannell Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

Search for other papers by Hillary A. Scannell in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Claudia Schmid NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Claudia Schmid in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Joel P. Scott NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Science Application International Corporation, Reston, Virginia

Search for other papers by Joel P. Scott in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
David A. Siegel University of California–Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California

Search for other papers by David A. Siegel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
David A. Smeed National Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom

Search for other papers by David A. Smeed in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Paul W. Stackhouse NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

Search for other papers by Paul W. Stackhouse in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
William Sweet NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, Maryland

Search for other papers by William Sweet in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Philip R. Thompson Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Search for other papers by Philip R. Thompson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Joaquin A. Triñanes Laboratory of Systems, Technological Research Institute, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Joaquin A. Triñanes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Denis L. Volkov Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Denis L. Volkov in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Rik Wanninkhof NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Search for other papers by Rik Wanninkhof in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Robert A. Weller Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Robert A. Weller in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Caihong Wen NOAA/NWS NCEP Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Search for other papers by Caihong Wen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Toby K. Westberry Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

Search for other papers by Toby K. Westberry in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Matthew J. Widlansky Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Search for other papers by Matthew J. Widlansky in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Anne C. Wilber Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia

Search for other papers by Anne C. Wilber in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Lisan Yu Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Lisan Yu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
Huai-Min Zhang NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Search for other papers by Huai-Min Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Online Publication:
25 Aug 2021
Print Publication:
01 Aug 2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1
Page(s):
S143–S198
Free access

Corresponding author: Rick Lumpkin / rick.lumpkin@noaa.gov

Corresponding author: Rick Lumpkin / rick.lumpkin@noaa.gov
Save
Cover Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 1942 749 53
PDF Downloads 2167 504 39