Article Type:
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Regional Climates

Peter Bissolli Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany

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Catherine Ganter Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Ademe Mekonnen Department of Physics, North Carolina A & T University, Greensboro, North Carolina

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Ahira Sánchez-Lugo NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Zhiwei Zhu Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

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A. Abida Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie, Union des Comores

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W. Agyakwah Climate Prediction Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, NOAA, College Park, Maryland

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Laura S. Aldeco Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Eric J. Alfaro Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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Teddy Allen Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados

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Lincoln M. Alves Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil

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Jorge A. Amador Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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B. Andrade Seychelles Meteorological Authority, Mahe, Seychelles

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P. Asgarzadeh National Center for Climate and Drought Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran

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Grinia Avalos Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

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Julian Baez Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay

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M. Yu. Bardin Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology; Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

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E. Bekele Climate Prediction Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, NOAA, College Park, Maryland

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Renato Bertalanic Slovenian Environment Agency, Slovenia

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Oliver Bochníček Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovakia

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Brandon Bukunt NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Guam

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Blanca Calderón Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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Jayaka D. Campbell Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Elise Chandler Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Candice S Charlton Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Vincent Y. S. Cheng Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Leonardo A. Clarke Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Kris Correa Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

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Catalina R. Cortés Salazar Dirección de Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile

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Felipe Costa Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador

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Lenka Crhová Czech Hydrometeorologival Institute, Czechia

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Ana Paula Cunha Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil

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Mesut Demircan Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Türkiye

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K. R. Dhurmea Mauritius Meteorological Service, Vacoas, Mauritius

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Diana A. Domínguez Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Dashkhuu Dulamsuren Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, National Agency for Meteorology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

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M. ElKharrim Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco

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Jhan-Carlo Espinoza Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France

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A. Fazl-Kezemi National Center for Climate and Drought Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran

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Nava Fedaeff National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd. (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand

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Chris Fenimore NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Steven Fuhrman NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

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Karin Gleason NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Charles “Chip” P. Guard Tropical Weather Sciences, Sinajana, Guam

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Samson Hagos Pacific Northwest National Lab, Department of Energy, Washington

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Mizuki Hanafusa Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

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Richard R. Heim Jr. NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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John Kennedy Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

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Sverker Hellström Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden

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Hugo G. Hidalgo Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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I. A. Ijampy Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria

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Gyo Soon Im Climate Change Monitoring Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, South Korea

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G. Jumaux Météo France, Direction Interrégionale pour l’Océan Indien, Réunion

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K. Kabidi Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco

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Kenneth Kerr Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service, Trinidad

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Yelena Khalatyan Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center, Armenia

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Valentina Khan Hydrometcenter of Russia, WMO North EurAsia Climate Center, Moscow, Russia

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Mai Van Khiem Viet Nam National Center of Hydro-Meteorology Forecasting, Viet Nam Meteorology Hydrology Administration, Viet Nam

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Tobias Koch Soil and Water Ecosystems (SWEco), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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Gerbrand Koren Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

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Natalia N. Korshunova All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia

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A. C. Kruger Climate Service, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa

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Mónika Lakatos Climatology Unit, Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest, Hungary

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Jostein Mamen Climate Division, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

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Hoang Phuc Lam Viet Nam National Center of Hydro–Meteorology Forecasting, Viet Nam Meteorology Hydrology Administration, Viet Nam

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Mark A. Lander University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam

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Waldo Lavado-Casimiro Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

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Tsz-Cheung Lee Hong Kong Observatory,Hong Kong, China

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Kinson H. Y. Leung Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Xuefeng Liu Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

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Rui Lu Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

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José A. Marengo Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil

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Mohammadi Marjan National Center for Climate and Drought Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran

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Ana E. Martínez National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

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Charlotte McBride Climate Service, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa

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Mirek Mietus Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej PIB, Poland

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Noelia Misevicius Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Montevideo, Uruguay

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Aurel Moise Centre for Climate Research Singapore, Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore

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Jorge Molina-Carpio Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia

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Natali Mora Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

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Awatif E. Mostafa Department of Seasonal Forecast and Climate Research, Cairo Numerical Weather Prediction, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt

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O. Ndiaye Senegalese Meteorological Service, Dakar, Senegal

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Juan J. Nieto Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador

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Kristin Olafsdottir Icelandic Meteorological Service, Iceland

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David Phillips Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Amos Porat Israel Meteorological Service, Israel

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Josyane Ronchail Laboratoire LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France

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Roberto Salinas Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología/Dirección Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil, Asunción, Paraguay

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Hirotaka Sato Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

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Hitoshi Sato Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

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Amal Sayouri Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco

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Serhat Sensoy Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Türkiye

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Amsari Mudzakir Setiawan Division for Climate Variability Analysis, BMKG, Indonesia

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F. Sima Division of Meteorology, Department of Water Resources, Banjul, The Gambia.

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Adam Smith NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

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Matthieu Sorel Météo France, Toulouse, France

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Tannecia S. Stephenson Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Kiyotoshi Takahashi Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

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Michael A. Taylor Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

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Wassila M. Thiaw NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

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Skie Tobin Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Lidia Trescilo State Hydrometeorological Service, Moldova

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Cedric J. Van Meerbeeck Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados

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A. Vazifeh National Center for Climate and Drought Crisis Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran

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Shunya Wakamatsu Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

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M. F. Zaheer Afghanistan Famine Early Warning System Network, Afghanistan

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F. Zeng Pacific Northwest National Lab, Department of Energy, Washington

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Peiqun Zhang National Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China

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Online Publication:
25 Aug 2022
Print Publication:
01 Aug 2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/2022BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1
Page(s):
S341–S454
Free access

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Corresponding authors: North America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov. Central America and the Caribbean: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, South America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, Africa: Ademe Mekonnen / amekonne@ncat.edu, Europe: Peter Bissolli / Peter.Bissolli@dwd.de, Asia: Tim Li / timli@hawaii.edu, Oceania: Catherine Ganter / Catherine.Ganter@bom.gov.au

Corresponding authors: North America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov. Central America and the Caribbean: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, South America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / Ahira.Sanchez-Lugo@noaa.gov, Africa: Ademe Mekonnen / amekonne@ncat.edu, Europe: Peter Bissolli / Peter.Bissolli@dwd.de, Asia: Tim Li / timli@hawaii.edu, Oceania: Catherine Ganter / Catherine.Ganter@bom.gov.au
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