Under the auspices of the Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and Training, pilot research has been conducted from 1991 to 1996 on operational methods for producing Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (PQPFs) and Probabilistic River Stage Forecasts (PRSFs). The first integrated forecasts were produced using operational data and models of the National Weather Service on 19 October 1996. The PQPF was for a 24-h period and the PRSFs were for lead times of 1, 2, and 3 days. This article discusses these pilot forecasts, their interpretation, and their advantages to forecasters and end users with regard to communicating uncertainties and making decisions.
All those whose duty it is to issue regular daily forecasts know that there are times when they feel very confident and other times when they are doubtful as to the coming weather. It seems to me that the condition of confidence or otherwise forms a very important part of the prediction, and ought to find expression.
—W. E. Cooke (1906)
