-
Ackerman, S. A., and S. K. Cox, 1981: GATE phase III mean synoptic-scale radiative convergence profiles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109 , 371–383.
-
Albright, M. D., E. E. Recker, R. J. Reed, and R. Dang, 1985: The diurnal variation of deep convection and inferred precipitation in the central tropical Pacific during January–February 1979. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113 , 1663–1680.
-
Anderson, S. P., R. A. Weller, and R. B. Lukas, 1996: Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western Pacific warm pool: Observation and one-dimensional model results. J. Climate, 9 , 3056–3085.
-
Andersson, T., 1970: The diurnal variation of precipitation frequency over Weather Ship M. J. Appl. Meteor., 9 , 17–19.
-
Anthes, R. A., 1972: Development of asymmetries in a three-dimensional numerical model of the tropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100 , 461–476.
-
Anthes, R. A., S. L. Rosenthal, and J. W. Trout, 1971: Preliminary results from an asymmetric model of the tropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99 , 744–758.
-
Arakawa, H., and M. Utsugi, 1937: Theoretical investigation on land and sea breezes. Geophys. Mag., 11 , 97–104.
-
Asai, T., S. Ke, and Y-M. Kodama, 1998: Diurnal variation of cloudiness over East Asia and the Western Pacific Ocean as revealed by GMS during the warm season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76 , 675–684.
-
Augustine, J. A., 1984: The diurnal variation of large-scale inferred rainfall over the tropical Pacific Ocean during 1979. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112 , 1745–1751.
-
Ballard, J. C., 1933: The diurnal variation of free-air temperature and of the temperature lapse rate. Mon. Wea. Rev., 61 , 61–80.
-
Belden, W. S., 1936: Diurnal distribution of rainfall at St. Joseph, Mo., April to October. Mon. Wea. Rev., 64 , 228–230.
-
Bell, G. D., M. S. Halpert, C. F. Ropelewski, V. E. Kousky, A. V. Douglas, R. C. Schnell, and M. E. Gelman, 1999: Climate assessment for 1998. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80 , S1–S48.
-
Bell, T. L., and N. Reid, 1993: Detecting the diurnal cycle of rainfall using satellite observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 32 , 311–322.
-
Benton, G. S., and M. S. Estoque, 1954: Water vapor transfer over the North American continent. J. Meteor., 11 , 462–477.
-
Bergman, J. W., and M. L. Salby, 1997: The role of cloud diurnal variations in the time-mean energy budget. J. Climate, 10 , 1114–1124.
-
Betts, A. K., 1982: Saturation point analysis of moist convective overturning. J. Atmos. Sci., 39 , 1484–1505.
-
Blackadar, A. K., 1957: Boundary layer wind maxima and their significance for the growth of nocturnal inversions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 38 , 283–290.
-
Blaskovic, M., R. Davies, and J. B. Snider, 1991: Diurnal variation of marine stratocumulus over San Nicolas Island during July 1987. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119 , 1469–1478.
-
Boccippio, D. J., W. Koshak, and R. J. Blakeslee, 2002: Performance assessment of the optical transient detector and lightning imaging sensor. Part I: Predicted diurnal variability. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19 , 1318–1332.
-
Bonner, W. D., 1963: Thunderstorms and the low-level Jet. Mesometeorology Research Paper 22, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 21 pp.
-
Bonner, W. D., 1968: Climatology of the low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96 , 833–850.
-
Bougeault, P., 1985: The diurnal cycle of the marine stratocumulus layer: A higher-order model study. J. Atmos. Sci., 42 , 2826–2843.
-
Braham Jr., R. B., 1952: The water and energy budgets of the thunderstorm and their relation to thunderstorm development. J. Atmos. Sci., 9 , 227–242.
-
Brier, G. W., 1965: Diurnal and semidiurnal atmospheric tides in relation to precipitation variation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93 , 93–100.
-
Brier, G. W., and J. S. Simpson, 1969: Tropical cloudiness and precipitation related to pressure and tidal variations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 95 , 120–147.
-
Brill, K., and B. Albrecht, 1982: Diurnal variation of the trade-wind boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110 , 601–613.
-
Browner, S. P., W. L. Woodley, and C. G. Griffith, 1977: Diurnal oscillation of the area of cloudiness associated with tropical storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105 , 856–864.
-
Byers, H. R., and R. R. Braham Jr., 1948: Thunderstorm structure and circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 5 , 71–86.
-
Byers, H. R., and H. R. Rodebush, 1948: Causes of thunderstorms of the Florida peninsula. J. Meteor., 5 , 275–280.
-
Camp, J. P., A. I. Watson, and H. E. Fuelberg, 1998: The diurnal distribution of lightning over north Florida and its relation to the prevailing low-level flow. Wea. Forecasting, 13 , 729–739.
-
Carbone, R. E., J. W. Wilson, T. D. Keenan, and J. M. Hacker, 2000: Tropical island convection in the absence of significant topography. Part I: Life cycle of diurnally forced convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128 , 3459–3480.
-
Carbone, R. E., J. D. Tuttle, D. A. Ahijevych, and S. B. Trier, 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci., 59 , 2033–2056.
-
Chang, A. T. C., L. S. Chiu, and G. Yang, 1995: Diurnal cycle of oceanic precipitation from SSM/I data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123 , 3371–3380.
-
Chang, E. K. M., S. Lee, and K. L. Swanson, 2002: Storm track dynamics. J. Climate, 15 , 2163–2183.
-
Chapman, S., and R. S. Lindzen, 1970: Atmospheric Tides. Reidel, 200 pp.
-
Chen, S. S., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1997: Diurnal variation and life-cycle of deep convective systems over the Pacific warm pool. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123 , 357–388.
-
Chen, T-C., and K. Takahashi, 1995: Diurnal variation of outgoing longwave radiation in the vicinity of the South China Sea: Effect of intraseasonal oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123 , 566–577.
-
Chen, T-C., M-C. Yen, J-C. Hsieh, and R. W. Arritt, 1999: Diurnal and seasonal variations of the rainfall measured by the automatic rainfall and meteorological telemetry system in Taiwan. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80 , 2299–2312.
-
Chen, Y-L., and A. J. Nash, 1994: Diurnal variation of surface airflow and rainfall frequencies on the island of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122 , 34–56.
-
Chen, Y-L., and J-J. Wang, 1994: Diurnal variation of surface thermodynamic fields on the island of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122 , 2125–2138.
-
Ciesielski, P. E., W. H. Schuibert, and R. H. Johnson, 2001: Diurnal variability of the marine boundary layer during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 58 , 2355–2376.
-
Clowes, E. S., 1917: Sea breeze on eastern long island. Mon. Wea. Rev., 45 , 345–346.
-
Cook, A. W., 1939: Diurnal variation of summer rainfall at Denver. Mon. Wea. Rev., 67 , 95–98.
-
Cooper, H. J., M. Garstang, and J. Simpson, 1982: The diurnal interaction between convection and peninsular-scale forcing over south Florida. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110 , 486–503.
-
Cotton, W. R., R. L. George, P. J. Wetzel, and R. L. McAnelly, 1983: A long-lived mesoscale convective complex. Part I: The mountain-generated component. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111 , 1893–1918.
-
Crow, L. W., 1969: Relationships between hail and rain in Kansas, Nebraska and Eastern Colorado. LWC Rep. 76, Final Report on Contract NSF C522, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, 34 pp.
-
Dai, A., 2001: Global precipitation and thunderstorm frequencies. Part II: Diurnal variations. J. Climate, 14 , 1112–1128.
-
Dai, A., and J. Wang, 1999: Diurnal and semidiurnal tides in global surface pressure fields. J. Atmos. Sci., 56 , 3874–3891.
-
Dai, A., and K. E. Trenberth, 2004: The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the Community Climate System Model. J. Climate, 17 , 930–951.
-
Dai, A., K. E. Trenberth, and T. R. Karl, 1999: Effects of clouds, soil moisture, precipitation, and water vapor on diurnal temperature range. J. Climate, 12 , 2451–2473.
-
Davis, C. A., K. W. Manning, R. E. Carbone, S. B. Trier, and J. D. Tuttle, 2003: Coherence of warm-season continental rainfall in numerical weather prediction models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131 , 2667–2679.
-
Defant, F., 1951: Local winds. Compendium of Meteorology, T. F. Malone, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 655–672.
-
Deschamps, P. Y., and R. Frouin, 1984: Large diurnal heating of the sea surface observed by the HCMR experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14 , 177–184.
-
Deser, C., and C. A. Smith, 1998: Diurnal and semidiurnal variations of the surface wind field over the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 11 , 1730–1748.
-
Dinku, T., and E. N. Anagnostou, 2005: Regional differences in overland rainfall estimation from PR-calibrated TMI algorithm. J. Appl. Meteor., 44 , 189–205.
-
Douglas, M. W., and S. Li, 1996: Diurnal variation of the lower-tropospheric flow over the Arizona low desert from SWAMP-1993 observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124 , 1211–1224.
-
Douglas, M. W., A. Valdez-Manzanilla, and R. Garcia Cueto, 1998: Diurnal variation and horizontal extent of the low-level jet over the northern Gulf of California. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126 , 2017–2025.
-
Durre, I., and J. M. Wallace, 2001a: The warm season dip in diurnal temperature range over the eastern United States. J. Climate, 14 , 354–360.
-
Durre, I., and J. M. Wallace, 2001b: Factors influencing the cold-season diurnal temperature range in the United States. J. Climate, 14 , 3263–3278.
-
Duvel, J. P., and R. S. Kandel, 1985: Regional-scale diurnal variations of outgoing inferred radiation observed by METEOSAT. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24 , 335–349.
-
Duynkerke, P. G., 1989: The diurnal variation of a marine stratrocumulus layer: A model sensitivity study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117 , 1710–1725.
-
Duynkerke, P. G., and P. Hignett, 1993: Simulation of diurnal variation in a stratocumulus-capped marine boundary layer during FIRE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121 , 3291–3300.
-
Duynkerke, P. G., and J. Teixeira, 2001: Comparison of the ECMWF reanalysis with FIRE I observations: Diurnal variation of marine stratocumulus. J. Climate, 14 , 1466–1478.
-
Easterling, D. R., and P. J. Robinson, 1985: The diurnal variation of thunderstorm activity in the United States. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24 , 1048–1058.
-
Ebert, E. E., and M. J. Manton, 1998: Performance of satellite rainfall estimation algorithms during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 55 , 1537–1557.
-
Ellingson, R. G., and M. B. Ba, 2003: A study of diurnal variation of OLR from the GOES Sounder. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20 , 90–98.
-
Emanuel, K., 1986: An air–sea interaction theory of tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43 , 584–604.
-
Emanuel, K., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, 580 pp.
-
Estoque, M. A., 1961: A theoretical investigation of the sea breeze. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 87 , 136–146.
-
Estoque, M. A., 1962: The sea breeze as a function of the prevailing synoptic situation. J. Atmos. Sci., 19 , 244–250.
-
Faysash, D. A., and E. A. Smith, 2000: Simultaneous retrieval of diurnal to seasonal surface temperatures and emissivities over SGP ARM-CART site using GOES split window. J. Appl. Meteor., 39 , 971–982.
-
Fisher, E. L., 1960: An observational study of the sea breeze. J. Atmos. Sci., 17 , 645–660.
-
Fisher, E. L., 1961: A theoretical study of the sea breeze. J. Atmos. Sci., 18 , 216–233.
-
Foltz, G. S., and W. M. Gray, 1979: Diurnal variations in the troposphere’s energy balance. J. Atmos. Sci., 36 , 1450–1466.
-
Fritz, S., 1963: The diurnal variation of ground temperature as measured from TIROS II. J. Appl. Meteor., 2 , 645–648.
-
Fu, R., A. D. Del Genio, and W. B. Rossow, 1990: Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical Pacific from ISCCP radiances. J. Climate, 3 , 1129–1152.
-
Gallo, K. P., D. R. Easterling, and T. C. Peterson, 1996: The influence of land use/land cover on climatological values of the diurnal temperature range. J. Climate, 9 , 2941–2944.
-
Garreaud, R. D., and J. M. Wallace, 1997: The diurnal march of convective cloudiness over the Americas. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125 , 3157–3171.
-
Garreaud, R. D., and R. Muñoz, 2004: The diurnal cycle in circulation and cloudiness over the subtropical southeast Pacific. J. Climate, 17 , 1699–1710.
-
Gentry, R. C., and P. L. Moore, 1954: Relation of local and general wind interaction near the sea coast to time and location of air mass showers. J. Meteor., 11 , 507–511.
-
Gray, W. M., and R. W. Jacobson Jr., 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105 , 1171–1188.
-
Haddad, Z. S., E. A. Smith, C. D. Kummerow, T. Iguchi, M. R. Farrar, S. L. Durden, M. Alves, and W. S. Olson, 1997: The TRMM “Day-1” radar/radiometer combined rain-profiling algorithm. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75 , 799–809.
-
Hamilton, K., 1981: A note on the observed diurnal and semidiurnal rainfall variations. J. Geophys. Res., 86 , 12122–12126.
-
Hamilton, K., 1984: Detection of the lunar diurnal atmospheric tide. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112 , 1620–1625.
-
Hann, J., 1901: Lehrbuch der Meteorologie. C. H. Tauchnitz, 805 pp.
-
Hartmann, D. L., K. J. Kowalewsky, and M. L. Michelsen, 1991: Diurnal variations of outgoing longwave radiation and albedo from ERBE Scanner data. J. Climate, 4 , 598–617.
-
Haurwitz, B., 1947: Comments on the sea breeze circulation. J. Meteor., 4 , 1–8.
-
Haurwitz, B., and A. D. Cowley, 1973: The diurnal and semidiurnal barometric oscillations, global distribution, and annual variation. Pure Appl. Geophys., 102 , 193–222.
-
Hays, P. B., and D. L. Wu, and The HRDI Science Team, 1994: Observations of the diurnal tide from space. J. Atmos. Sci., 51 , 3077–3093.
-
Henz, J., 1974: Colorado High Plains thunderstorm systems—A descriptive radar-synoptic climatology. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, 82 pp.
-
Hirose, M., and K. Nakamura, 2005: Spatial and diurnal variation of precipitation systems over Asia observed by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Geophys. Res., 110 .D05106, doi:10.1029/2004JD004815.
-
Hitschfeld, W., and J. Bordan, 1954: Errors inherent in the radar measurement of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths. J. Meteor., 11 , 58–67.
-
Hobgood, J. S., 1986: A possible mechanism for the diurnal oscillations of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 43 , 2901–2922.
-
Hollingsworth, A., 1971: The effect of ocean and Earth tides on the semi-diurnal lunar air tide. J. Atmos. Sci., 28 , 1021–1044.
-
Holton, J. R., 1967: The diurnal boundary layer wind oscillation above sloping terrain. Tellus, 19 , 199–205.
-
Hong, Y., K-L. Hsu, S. Sorooshian, and X. Gao, 2005: Improved representation of diurnal variability of rainfall retrieved from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Microwave Imager adjusted Precipitation Estimation From Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) system. J. Geophys. Res., 110 .D06102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005301.
-
Hornickle, K., 1942: Danziger Seewindstudien III. Dan. Meteor. Forschungsarb., 11 , 1–52.
-
Hou, A. Y., S. Q. Zhang, A. M. da Silva, and W. S. Olson, 2000: Improving assimilated global datasets using TMI rainfall and columnar moisture observations. J. Climate, 13 , 4180–4195.
-
Hu, Q., 2003: A multidecadal variation in summer season diurnal rainfall in the central United States. J. Climate, 16 , 174–178.
-
Huffman, G. J., R. F. Adler, M. Morrissey, D. T. Bolvin, S. Curtis, R. Joyce, B. McGavock, and J. Susskind, 2001: Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multisatellite observations. J. Hydrometeor., 2 , 36–50.
-
Ignatov, I., and G. Gutman, 1999: Monthly mean diurnal cycles in surface temperatures over land for global climate studies. J. Climate, 12 , 1900–1910.
-
Iguchi, T., and R. Meneghini, 1994: Intercomparison of single-frequency methods for retrieving a vertical rain profile from airborne or spaceborne radar data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11 , 1507–1511.
-
Iguchi, T., T. Kozu, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto, 2000: Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 39 , 2038–2052.
-
Ikai, J., and K. Nakamura, 2003: Comparison of rain rates over the ocean derived from TRMM Microwave Imager and Precipitation Radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20 , 1709–1726.
-
Imaoka, K., and R. W. Spencer, 2000: Diurnal variation of precipitation over the tropical oceans observed by TRMM/TMI combined with SSM/I. J. Climate, 13 , 4149–4158.
-
Israël, H., 1952: The diurnal variation of atmospheric electricity as a meteorological–aerological phenomenon. J. Atmos. Sci., 9 , 328–332.
-
Janowiak, J. E., P. A. Arkin, and M. Morrissey, 1994: An examination of the diurnal cycle in oceanic tropical rainfall using satellite and in situ data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122 , 2296–2311.
-
Jones, C., L. M. V. Carvalho, R. W. Higgins, D. E. Waliser, and J. K. E. Schemm, 2004: Climatology of tropical intraseasonal convective anomalies: 1979–2002. J. Climate, 17 , 523–539.
-
Jordan, C. L., 1980: Diurnal variation of precipitation in the eastern tropical Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108 , 1065–1069.
-
Karl, T. R., G. Kukla, and J. Gavin, 1984: Decreasing diurnal temperature range in the United States and Canada from 1941 through 1980. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23 , 1489–1504.
-
Kincer, J. B., 1916: Daytime and nighttime precipitation and their economic significance. Mon. Wea. Rev., 44 , 628–633.
-
King, T. S., and R. C. Balling Jr., 1994: Diurnal variations in Arizona monsoon lightning data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122 , 1659–1664.
-
Kishtawal, C. M., and T. N. Krishnamurti, 2001: Diurnal variation of summer rainfall over Taiwan and its detection using TRMM observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 40 , 331–344.
-
Kobayasi, T., and T. Sasaki, 1932: Über land- und seewinde. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 19 , 17–21.
-
Koschmieder, H., 1941: Danziger Seewindstudien I. Dan. Meteor. Forschungsarb., 10 , 1–39.
-
Kousky, V. E., 1980: Diurnal rainfall variation in Northeast Brazil. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108 , 488–498.
-
Kraus, E. B., 1963: The diurnal precipitation change over the sea. J. Atmos. Sci., 20 , 546–551.
-
Krishnamurti, T. N., and C. M. Kishtawal, 2000: A pronounced continental-scale diurnal mode of the Asian summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128 , 462–473.
-
Kummerow, C., W. S. Olson, and L. Giglio, 1996: A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34 , 1213–1232.
-
Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson, 1998: The tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) sensor package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15 , 809–817.
-
Kummerow, C., and Coauthors, 2000: The status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit. J. Appl. Meteor., 39 , 1965–1982.
-
Landin, M. G., and L. F. Bosart, 1985: Diurnal variability of precipitation in the northeastern United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113 , 989–1014.
-
Lavoie, R. L., 1963: Some aspects of meteorology of the tropical Pacific viewed from an atoll. Rep. 27, Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii, 76 pp.
-
Leopold, L. B., 1949: The interaction of the trade wind and sea breeze, Hawaii. J. Meteor., 6 , 312–320.
-
Lettau, H., 1956: Note on the structure of the atmospheric surface layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 13 , 507–509.
-
Lewis, J. S., 1971: Venus: Surface temperature variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 28 , 1084–1085.
-
Lieberman, R. S., 1991: Nonmigrating diurnal tides in the equatorial middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 48 , 1112–1123.
-
Lieberman, R. S., and C. B. Leovy, 1995: A numerical model of nonmigrating diurnal tides between the surface and 65 km. J. Atmos. Sci., 52 , 389–409.
-
Liebmann, B., and A. Gruber, 1988: The annual variation of the diurnal cycle of outgoing longwave radiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116 , 1659–1670.
-
Lin, X., D. A. Randall, and L. D. Fowler, 2000: Diurnal variability of the hydrologic cycle and radiative fluxes: Comparisons between observations and a GCM. J. Climate, 13 , 4159–4179.
-
Lindzen, R., 1978: Effect of daily variations of cumulonimbus activity on the atmospheric semidiurnal tide. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106 , 526–533.
-
Liu, C., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1998: Diurnal variations in the troposphere’s energy balance. J. Atmos. Sci., 55 , 2329–2344.
-
Lopez, R. E., and R. L. Holle, 1986: Diurnal and spatial variability of lightning activity in northeastern Colorado and central Florida during the summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114 , 1288–1312.
-
Machado, L. A. T., J-Ph Duvel, and M. Desbois, 1993: Diurnal variations and modulation by easterly waves of the size distribution of convective cloud clusters over West Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121 , 37–49.
-
Maddox, R. A., 1981a: The structure and life-cycle of midlatitude mesoscale convective complexes. Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, 311 pp.
-
Maddox, R. A., 1981b: Satellite depiction of the life cycle of a mesoscale convective complex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109 , 1583–1586.
-
Maddox, R. A., and C. A. Doswell III, 1982: An examination of jet stream configurations, 500 mb vorticity advection and low-level thermal advection patterns during extended periods of intense convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110 , 184–197.
-
Maddox, R. A., D. J. Perkey, and J. M. Fritsch, 1981: Evolution of upper tropospheric features during the development of a mesoscale convective complex. J. Atmos. Sci., 38 , 1664–1674.
-
Magata, M., 1965: A study of the sea breeze by numerical experimentation. Pap. Meteor. Geophys., 16 , 23–36.
-
Maier, L. M., E. P. Krider, and M. W. Maier, 1984: Average diurnal variation of summer lightning over the Florida peninsula. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112 , 1134–1140.
-
Mapes, B. E., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1993: Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121 , 1398–1415.
-
Mapes, B. E., T. T. Warner, and M. Xu, 2003a: Diurnal patterns of rainfall in northwestern South America. Part I: Observations and context. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131 , 799–812.
-
Mapes, B. E., T. T. Warner, and M. Xu, 2003b: Diurnal patterns of rainfall in northwestern South America. Part III: Diurnal gravity waves and nocturnal convection offshore. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131 , 830–844.
-
Markowski, P. M., and D. J. Stensrud, 1998: Mean monthly diurnal cycles observed with PRE-STORM surface data. J. Climate, 11 , 2995–3009.
-
McAuliffe, J. P., 1922: Cause of the accelerated sea breeze over Corpus Christi, Tex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 50 , 581–582.
-
McBride, J. L., and W. M. Gray, 1980: Mass divergence in tropical weather systems. Part I: Diurnal variation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106 , 501–516.
-
McGarry, M. M., and R. J. Reed, 1978: Diurnal variations in convective activity and precipitation during phases II and III of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106 , 101–113.
-
McNider, R. T., and R. A. Pielke, 1981: Diurnal boundary-layer development over sloping terrain. J. Atmos. Sci., 38 , 2198–2212.
-
McPherson, R. D., 1970: A numerical study of the effect of a coastal irregularity on the sea breeze. J. Appl. Meteor., 9 , 767–777.
-
Means, L. L., 1944: The nocturnal maximum occurrance of thunderstorms in the midwestern states. Misc. Rep. 16, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Chicago, 37 pp.
-
Means, L. L., 1952: On thunderstorm forecasting in the central United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 80 , 165–189.
-
Meisner, B. N., and P. A. Arkin, 1987: Spatial and annual variations in the diurnal cycle of large-scale tropical convective cloudiness and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115 , 2009–2032.
-
Meneghini, R., and T. Kozu, 1990: Spaceborne Weather Radar. Artech House, 199 pp.
-
Meneghini, R., T. Iguchi, T. Kozu, L. Liao, K. Okamoto, J. Jones, and J. Kwiatkowski, 2000: Use of the surface reference technique for path attenuation estimates from the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 39 , 2053–2070.
-
Menzel, W. P., D. P. Wylie, and K. I. Strabala, 1992: Seasonal and diurnal changes in cirrus clouds as seen in four years of observations with the VAS. J. Appl. Meteor., 31 , 370–385.
-
Miller, M. A., M. P. Jensen, and E. E. Clothiaux, 1998: Diurnal cloud and thermodynamic variations in the stratocumulus transition regime: A case study using in situ and remote sensors. J. Atmos. Sci., 55 , 2294–2310.
-
Mohr, K. I., 2004: Interannual, monthly, and regional variability in the wet season diurnal cycle of precipitation in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Climate, 17 , 2441–2453.
-
Morcrette, J-J., 1991: Evaluation of model-generated cloudiness: Satellite-observed and model-generated diurnal variability of brightness temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119 , 1205–1224.
-
Mori, S., and Coauthors, 2004: Diurnal land–sea rainfall peak migration over Sumatera Island, Indonesian Maritime Continent, observed by TRMM satellite and intensive rawinsonde soundings. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132 , 2021–2039.
-
Murakami, M., 1983: Analysis of the deep convective activity over the western Pacific and Southeast Asia. Part 1: Diurnal cycle. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 61 , 60–75.
-
Nakamura, K., K. Okamoto, T. Ihara, J. Awaka, J. Kozu, and T. Manabe, 1990: Conceptual design of rain radar for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Int. J. Satell. Commun., 8 , 257–268.
-
Negri, A. J., T. L. Bell, and L. Xu, 2002: Sampling of the diurnal cycle of precipitation using TRMM. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19 , 1333–1344.
-
Nesbitt, S. W., and E. J. Zipser, 2003: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. J. Climate, 16 , 1456–1475.
-
Neumann, J., and Y. Mahrer, 1971: A theoretical study of the land and sea breeze circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 28 , 532–542.
-
Nicolini, M., K. M. Waldron, and J. Paegle, 1993: Diurnal oscillations of low-level jets, vertical motion, and precipitation: A model case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121 , 2588–2610.
-
Nitta, T., and S. Esbensen, 1974: Diurnal variations in the western Atlantic trades. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 52 , 254–257.
-
Ogura, Y., and T. Takahashi, 1971: Numerical simulation of the life cycle of a thunderstorm cell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99 , 895–911.
-
Okamoto, K., Ed. 1988: A feasibility study of rain radar for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. J. Commun. Res. Lab., 35 , 109–208.
-
Oki, T., and K. Musiake, 1994: Seasonal change of the diurnal cycle of precipitation over Japan and Malaysia. J. Appl. Meteor., 33 , 1445–1463.
-
Olson, W. S., and Coauthors, 2006: Precipitation and latent heating distributions from satellite passive microwave radiometry. Part I: Improved method and uncertainties. J. Appl. Meteor., 45 , 702–720.
-
Pearce, R. P., 1955: The calculation of the sea breeze circulation in terms of the differential heating across the coastline. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81 , 351–381.
-
Petenko, I. V., and S. Argentini, 2002: The annual behavior of the semidiurnal and diurnal pressure variations in East Antarctica. J. Appl. Meteor., 41 , 1093–1100.
-
Pielke, R. A., 1974: A three-dimensional numerical model of the sea breezes over south Florida. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102 , 115–139.
-
Pielke, R. A., 2002: Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling. 2d ed. Academic Press, 676 pp.
-
Pierce, L. T., 1934: Diurnal variation in the dew-point temperature at Asheville, N.C. Mon. Wea. Rev., 62 , 289–293.
-
Ramage, C. S., 1952: Diurnal variation of summer rainfall over east China, Korea and Japan. J. Atmos. Sci., 9 , 83–86.
-
Ramage, C. S., 1971: Monsoon Meteorology. Academic Press, 295 pp.
-
Randall, D. A., and D. A. Dazlich, and Harshvardhan, 1991: Diurnal variability of the hydrologic cycle in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 48 , 40–62.
-
Rasmusson, E. M., 1968: Atmospheric water vapor transport and the water balance of North America: Part II. Large-scale water balance investigations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96 , 720–734.
-
Ray, C. L., 1928: Diurnal variation of rainfall at San Juan, P.R. Mon. Wea. Rev., 56 , 140–141.
-
Reed, R. J., and K. D. Jaffe, 1981: Diurnal variation of summer convection over West Africa and the tropical eastern Atlantic during 1974 and 1978. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109 , 2527–2534.
-
Reiter, E. R., and M. Tang, 1984: Plateau effects on diurnal circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112 , 638–651.
-
Rickenbach, T. M., 2004: Nocturnal cloud systems and the diurnal variation of clouds and rainfall in southwestern Amazonia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132 , 1201–1219.
-
Rife, D. L., T. T. Warner, F. Chen, and E. G. Astling, 2002: Mechanisms for diurnal boundary layer circulations in the great basin desert. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130 , 921–938.
-
Riley, G. T., M. G. Landin, and L. F. Bosart, 1987: The diurnal variability of precipitation across the central Rockies and adjacent Great Plains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115 , 1161–1172.
-
Rogers, D. P., X. Yang, P. M. Norris, D. W. Johnson, G. M. Martin, C. A. Friehe, and B. W. Berger, 1995: Diurnal evolution of the cloud-topped marine boundary layer. Part I: Nocturnal stratocumulus development. J. Atmos. Sci., 52 , 2953–2966.
-
Roll, H. U., 1965: Physical Climatology. University of Chicago Press, 272 pp.
-
Rosenthal, S. L., 1960: The aperiodic diurnal range of temperature over the north Atlantic ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 17 , 78–83.
-
Rosenthal, S. L., and W. A. Baum, 1956: Diurnal variation of surface pressure over the north Atlantic ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 84 , 379–387.
-
Rozendaal, M. A., C. B. Leovy, and S. B. Klein, 1995: An observational study of diurnal variations of marine stratiform cloud. J. Climate, 8 , 1795–1809.
-
Ruprecht, E., and W. M. Gray, 1976a: Analysis of satellite-observed cloud clusters. Part I: Wind and dynamic fields. Tellus, 28 , 391–413.
-
Ruprecht, E., and W. M. Gray, 1976b: Analysis of satellite-observed cloud clusters. Part II: Thermal, moisture and precipitation. Tellus, 28 , 414–426.
-
Saito, K., T. Keenan, G. Holland, and K. Puri, 2001: Numerical simulation of the diurnal evolution of tropical island convection over the Maritime Continent. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129 , 378–400.
-
Salby, M. L., and P. Callaghan, 1997: Sampling error in climate properties derived from satellite measurements: Consequences of undersampled diurnal variability. J. Climate, 10 , 18–36.
-
Saltzman, B., and J. A. Pollack, 1977: Sensitivity of the diurnal surface temperature range to changes in physical parameters. J. Appl. Meteor., 16 , 614–619.
-
Sato, T., and F. Kimura, 2003: A two-dimensional numerical study on diurnal cycle of mountain lee precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 60 , 1992–2003.
-
Savijärvi, H., 1991: The United States Great Plains diurnal ABL variation and the nocturnal low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119 , 833–840.
-
Schmidt, F. H., 1947: An elementary theory of the land- and sea-breeze circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 4 , 9–20.
-
Schwartz, B. E., and L. F. Bosart, 1979: The diurnal variability of Florida rainfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107 , 1535–1545.
-
Serra, Y. L., and M. J. McPhaden, 2004: In situ observations of diurnal variability in rainfall over the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. J. Climate, 17 , 3496–3509.
-
Sharma, A. K., A. T. C. Chang, and T. T. Wilheit, 1991: Estimation of the diurnal cycle of oceanic precipitation from SSM/I data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119 , 2168–2175.
-
Sherwood, S. C., and R. Wahrlich, 1999: Observed evolution of tropical deep convective events and their environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127 , 1777–1795.
-
Shi, S. F., and E. Chen, 1984: On the use of GOES thermal data to study effects of land use on diurnal temperature fluctuation. J. Appl. Meteor., 23 , 426–433.
-
Short, D. A., and J. M. Wallace, 1980: Satellite-inferred morning to evening cloudiness changes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108 , 1160–1169.
-
Short, D. A., and K. Nakamura, 2000: TRMM radar observations of shallow precipitation over the tropical oceans. J. Climate, 13 , 4107–4124.
-
Silva Dias, P. L., J. P. Bonatti, and V. E. Kousky, 1987: Diurnally forced tropical tropospheric circulation over South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115 , 1465–1478.
-
Simpson, J. E., 1996: Diurnal changes in sea-breeze direction. J. Appl. Meteor., 35 , 1166–1169.
-
Simpson, J., C. Kummerow, W-K. Tao, and R. Adler, 1996: On the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 60 , 19–36.
-
Simpson, J., J. Halverson, H. Pierce, C. Morales, and T. Iguchi, 1998: Eyeing the eye: Exciting early stage science results from TRMM. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79 , 1711.
-
Skaggs, R. H., 1969: Analysis and regionalization of the diurnal distribution of tornadoes in the United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97 , 103–115.
-
Slingo, A., R. C. Wilderspin, and S. J. Brentnall, 1987: Simulation of the diurnal cycle of outgoing longwave radiation with an atmospheric GCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115 , 1451–1457.
-
Smith, E. A., M. M-K. Wai, H. J. Cooper, M. T. Rubes, and A. Hsu, 1994: Linking boundary circulations and surface processes during FIFE 89. Part I: Observational analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 51 , 1497–1529.
-
Smith, E. A., F. J. Turk, M. R. Farrar, A. Mugnai, and X. Xiang, 1997: Estimating 13.8-GHz path-integrated attenuation from 10.7-GHz brightness temperatures for TRMM combined PR–TMI precipitation algorithm. J. Appl. Meteor., 36 , 365–388.
-
Smith, E. A., and Coauthors, 1998: Results of WetNet PIP-2 project. J. Atmos. Sci., 55 , 1483–1536.
-
Smith, G. L., and D. A. Rutan, 2003: The diurnal cycle of outgoing longwave radiation from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 60 , 1529–1542.
-
Smith, W. S., and C-Y. J. Kao, 1996: Numerical simulations of the marine stratocumulus-capped boundary layer and its diurnal variation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124 , 1803–1816.
-
Soman, V. V., J. B. Valdés, and G. R. North, 1995: Satellite sampling and the diurnal cycle statistics of Darwin rainfall data. J. Appl. Meteor., 34 , 2481–2490.
-
Sorooshian, S., X. Gao, K. Hsu, R. A. Maddox, Y. Hong, H. V. Gupta, and B. Imam, 2002: Diurnal variability of tropical rainfall retrieved from combined GOES and TRMM satellite information. J. Climate, 15 , 983–1001.
-
Stramma, L., P. Cornillon, R. A. Weller, J. F. Price, and M. G. Briscoe, 1986: Large diurnal sea surface temperature variability: Satellite and in situ measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16 , 827–837.
-
Sui, C-H., K-M. Lau, Y. N. Takayabu, and D. A. Short, 1997: Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus convection during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 54 , 639–655.
-
Sui, C-H., K-M. Lau, and X. Li, 1998: Convective–radiative interaction in simulated diurnal variations of tropical cumulus ensemble. J. Atmos. Sci., 55 , 2345–2357.
-
Sun, W-Y., and C-C. Wu, 1992: Formation and diurnal variation of the dryline. J. Atmos. Sci., 49 , 1606–1619.
-
Sutton, J. L., C. B. Leovy, and J. E. Tillman, 1978: Diurnal variations of the Martian surface layer meteorological parameters during the first 45 sols at two Viking Lander sites. J. Atmos. Sci., 35 , 2346–2355.
-
Tao, W-K., C-H. Sui, B. Ferrier, S. Lang, J. Scala, M-D. Chou, and K. Pickering, 1993: Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50 , 673–690.
-
Tao, W-K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, C-H. Sui, B. Ferrier, and M-D. Chou, 1996: Mechanisms of cloud–radiation interaction in the Tropics and midlatitudes. J. Atmos. Sci., 53 , 2624–2651.
-
Tao, W-K., and Coauthors, 2006: Retrieval of latent heating from TRMM measurements. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., , in press.
-
Taylor, G. I., 1929: Waves and tides in the atmosphere. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A156 , 318–326.
-
Thiao, W., and O. M. Turpeinen, 1992: Large-scale diurnal variations of tropical cold cloudiness based on a simple cloud indexing method. J. Climate, 5 , 173–180.
-
Thiele, O. W., 1966: Observed diurnal oscilliations of pressure and density in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 23 , 424–430.
-
Trenberth, K. E., J. M. Caron, D. P. Stepaniak, and S. Worley, 2002: Evolution of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and global atmospheric surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 107 .4065, doi:10.1029/2000JD000298.
-
Tripoli, G. J., 1986: A numerical investigation of an orogenic mesoscale convective system. Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, 290 pp.
-
Tripoli, G. J., 1992: An explicit three-dimensional nonhydrostatic simulation of a tropical cyclone. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 49 , 229–254.
-
Tripoli, G. J., and W. R. Cotton, 1989a: Numerical study of an observed orogenic mesoscale convective system. Part I: Simulated genesis and comparison with observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117 , 273–304.
-
Tripoli, G. J., and W. R. Cotton, 1989b: Numerical study of an observed orogenic mesoscale convective system. Part II: Analysis of governing dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117 , 305–328.
-
Turk, F. J., G. D. Rohaly, J. Hawkins, E. A. Smith, F. S. Marzano, A. Mugnai, and V. Levizzani, 1999: Meteorological applications of precipitation estimation from combined SSM/I, TRMM and infrared geostationary satellite data. Microwave Radiometery and Remote Sensing of the Earth’s Surface and Atmosphere, P. Pampaloni and S. Paloscia, Eds., VSP, 353–363.
-
Turton, J. D., and S. Nicholls, 1987: A study of the diurnal variations of stratocumulus using a multiple mixed layer model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113 , 969–1009.
-
van Bemmelen, W., 1922: Land- und Seebrise in Batavia. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 10 , 169–177.
-
Vincent, D. G., 1994: The South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ): A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122 , 1949–1970.
-
Wai, M. M-K., and E. A. Smith, 1998: Linking boundary circulations and surface processes during FIFE 89. Part II: Maintenance of secondary circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55 , 1260–1276.
-
Waliser, D. E., and C. Gautier, 1993: A satellite-derived climatology of ITCZ. J. Climate, 6 , 2162–2174.
-
Wallace, J. M., 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103 , 406–419.
-
Wallace, J. M., and F. R. Hartranft, 1969: Diurnal wind variations: Surface to 30 kilometers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97 , 446–455.
-
Wallace, J. M., and D. B. Patton, 1970: Diurnal temperature variations: Surface to 25 kilometers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98 , 548–552.
-
Wallace, J. M., and R. F. Todd, 1974: Some further results concerning the vertical structure of atmospheric tidal motions within the lowest 30 kilometers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102 , 795–803.
-
Wallace, J. M., and P. V. Hobbs, 1977: Atmospheric Science: Introductory Survey. Academic Press, 457 pp.
-
Wallington, C. E., 1960: Convection at the sea breeze front. Cumulus Dynamics, C. E. Anderson, Ed., Pergamon Press, 119–125.
-
Wang, J-J., R. M. Rauber, H. T. Ochs III, and R. E. Carbone, 2000: The effects of the island of Hawaii on offshore rainband evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128 , 1052–1069.
-
Warner, T. T., R. E. Mapes, and M. Xu, 2003: Diurnal patterns of rainfall in northwestern South America. Part II: Model simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131 , 813–829.
-
Warren, S. G., C. J. Hahn, J. London, R. M. Chervin, and R. L. Jenne, 1986: Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud-type amounts over land. Tech. Note NCAR/TN-273+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 29 pp.
-
Watson, A. I., R. E. López, and R. L. Holle, 1994: Diurnal cloud-to-ground lightning patterns in Arizona during the southwest monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122 , 1716–1725.
-
Webster, P. J., C. A. Clayson, and J. A. Curry, 1996: Clouds, radiation, and the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific. J. Climate, 9 , 1712–1730.
-
Weller, R. A., and S. P. Anderson, 1996: Surface meteorology and air–sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during TOGA Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Climate, 9 , 1959–1990.
-
Wetzel, P. J., W. R. Cotton, and R. L. McAnelly, 1983: A long-lived mesoscale convective complex. Part II: Evolution and structure of the mature complex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111 , 1919–1937.
-
Wexler, R., 1946: Theory and observations of land and sea breezes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 27 , 272–287.
-
Wilheit, T., and Coauthors, 1994: Algorithms for the retrieval of rainfall from passive microwave measurements. Remote Sens. Rev., 11 , 163–194.
-
Wylie, D. P., and H. M. Woolf, 2002: The diurnal cycle of upper-tropospheric clouds measured by GOES-VAS and the ISCCP. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130 , 171–179.
-
Xu, K., and K. A. Emanuel, 1989: Is the tropical atmosphere conditionally unstable? Mon. Wea. Rev., 117 , 1471–1479.
-
Yang, G-Y., and J. Slingo, 2001: The diurnal cycle in the Tropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129 , 784–801.
-
Yang, S., and E. A. Smith, 1999: Four-dimensional structure of monthly latent heating derived from SSM/I satellite measurements. J. Climate, 12 , 1016–1037.
-
Yang, S., W. S. Olson, J-J. Wang, T. L. Bell, E. A. Smith, and C. D. Kummerow, 2006: Precipitation and latent heating distributions from satellite passive microwave radiometry. Part II: Evaluation of estimates using independent data. J. Appl. Meteor., 45 , 721–739.
-
Yu, T-W., and N. Y. Wagner, 1970: Diurnal variation of onshore wind speed near a coastline. J. Appl. Meteor., 9 , 760–766.
-
Zhang, D-L., and W-Z. Zheng, 2004: Diurnal cycles of surface winds and temperatures as simulated by five boundary layer parameterizations. J. Appl. Meteor., 43 , 157–169.
-
Zhao, Y., and B. C. Weare, 1994: The effect of diurnal variation of cumulus convection on large-scale low-frequency oscillations in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 51 , 2653–2663.
-
Fig . 1.The distributions of (a) daytime (0600–1800 MST) and (b) nighttime (1800–0600 MST) monthly rainfall accumulation over the global Tropics for February 1998 produced by the version 6 2b31, 2a25, and 2a12 standard TRMM profile algorithms (top, middle, and bottom, respectively). The color bar denotes mm accumulation.
-
Fig . 2.The ratio of daytime to nighttime monthly rainfall accumulations for the TRMM algorithm 2a25 (as given in Figs. 1a,b). The grayscale denotes a unitless ratio.
-
Fig . 3.The distributions of 3-hourly monthly rainfall accumulation (mm) over the (a) first four and (b) last four 3-h periods of the diurnal cycle for January 1998 produced by the 2a12 algorithm.
-
Fig . 4.Diurnal longitude cross section of rainfall accumulation (mm) over the 15°S–0° zone for January 1998 produced by the 2a12 TRMM algorithm.
-
Fig . 5.(a) The distributions of amplitude (mm) in diurnal rainfall variability for January 1998 produced by the 2b31, 2a25, and 2a12 TRMM algorithms. (b) Same as in (a), but for phase (MST at a maximum of the first diurnal Fourier harmonic) and just for the 2a12 algorithm. The shaded areas indicate the regions of the largest amplitudes.
-
Fig . 6.Diurnal–monthly cross sections of 3-hourly (a) ocean- and (b) land-based rainfall accumulation (mm) for the entire TRMM coverage zone (35°N–35°S) over the 1998 annual cycle produced by the 2b31, 2a25, and 2a12 TRMM algorithms.
-
Fig . 7.(a) Month–lon cross sections of amplitude (mm; left-hand side) and phase (MST at a maximum of the first diurnal Fourier harmonic; right-hand side) of diurnal rainfall variability within the 10°S–10°N zone over the 1998 annual cycle, produced by three level-2 TRMM algorithms. The labels indicate the African continent (AF), Indian Ocean (IO), west central Pacific Ocean (W-CP), eastern Pacific Ocean (EP), South American continent (SA), and Atlantic Ocean (AO). The date line is shown with thick blue arrows and propagation paths are shown with thin red arrows. (b) The rainfall accumulation (mm) associated with (a).
-
Fig . 8.Same as in Fig. 7, but for month–lat for (a) 50°–110°E and (b) 150°E–150°W sectors produced by the 2a12 TRMM algorithm.
-
Fig . 9.The tabulation of rain events over the TRMM satellite coverage domain during July 1998. The matrix of diurnal clocks, each divided into eight 3-h segments and each representing one 5° × 5° grid box, graphically illustrates rain sampling (symbolic clock key shown in the bottom right corner). Six gray shades denote how many rain events are observed by TMI radiometer in each grid box during each diurnal time segment in the course of a month. The grayscale in the top right corner shows values to the left that denote the number of rain events in terms of a range of values over the gray-shaded category (including zero category given as white) and values to the right that denote category-specific bin population percentages with respect to the total bin population (8 × 14 × 36 = 4032).
-
