MAY I980 EMIL B. GUNTHER 631 Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1979 EMIL B. OUNTHER Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center, National Weather Service, NOAA, Redwood City, CA 9d063 (Manuscript received 21 January 1979) ABSTRACT A summary of the 1979 season is presented. Included are seasonal statistics, storm tracks and comparisons with activity in recent years.1. Statistics The 1979 eastern North Pacific tropical cycloneseason began 31 May and ended 18 November.Spanning 172 days, the season was 28 days longerthan the 1978 season. Although the seasorl waslonger, it was less active. Compared to 21 cyclonesin 1978, there were only 13 in 1979. Of the thirteen,three were tropical depressions, four were tropicalstorms and six were hurricanes. Hurricane hours(326) in 1979 were down 61% from the 1978 seasonand tropical storm hours (482) were down 45%. Thehighest sustained wind speed during the 1979 seasonwas 125 kt. Two-thirds of the 1979 hurricanes hadwind speeds equal to, or in excess of, 100 kt compared to only half of the 1978 hurricanes. Table 1shows the monthly distribution of 197'9 tropicalcyclone activity and Tables 2 and 3 compare thisactivity with that of recent years. The 1966-79period was chosen for comparison since it probablyincludes all tropical cyclone activity in the area dueto the excellent satellite coverage during that period.Prior to 1966 some activity was undetected becauseof the sparsity of data. A summary of the importantfeatures of the 1979 season is given in Table 4.Cyclone tracks are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center forecastersissued 198 tropical cyclone advisories during the1979 season, a 50% decrease from the 1978 season.Advisories were issued four times daily on a regularlys, cheduled basis for cyclone positions at 0000, 0600,1200 and 1800 GMT.2. Storm effects Although several ships passed close to the centersof tropical cyclone activity during the 1979 season and undoubtedly experienced heavy weatherand seas, no reports of casualties or damage werereceived. Three tropical cyclones moved onshore during the1979 season, all into Mexico. The first to go inlandwas Hurricane Andres with 65 kt winds 90 n misoutheast of Manzanillo at 1300 GMT 4 June. Thesecond was Tropical Depression Nine with 25 ktwinds 145 n mi east-southeast of Acapulco at 1800GMT 4 September. The last to move onshore wasHurricane Ignacio with 30 kt winds 140 n mi eastsoutheast of Manzanillo at 1200 GMT 30 October.No reports of casualties or damage were received.3. Basic data The National Environmental Satellite ServiceField Station,. collocated with the Eastern PacificHurricane Center, provided excellent satellitecoverage during the 1979 season. Several. movieloops were available each day as well as visual andinfrared data at 30 rain intervals from the stationaryGOES and the polar-orbiting NOAA and TIROSsatellites. The detail on satellite imagery was excellent with full disk resolution at 4 n mi and sectorresolution at 2 n mi with 0.5 n mi resolution available on request. The gridding of satellite pictureswas accurate to within a few miles due to the stability of the satellites and easily visible landmarks.Enhanced H-curve infrared imagery was espec, iallyuseful in depicting high-level cold centers. Cyclonicintensity was calculated using the Dvorak techniqueof satellite cyclone analysis (Dvorak, 1973). The U.S. Air Force made three reconnaissanceflights into eastern North Pacific tropical cycloneactivity during the 1979 season. All of the flightswere made in October and all were made into Hurricane Ignacio off the central Mexico coast. The firstflight, with three penetrations of the cyclone, wasmade on the 27th, the second, with two penetrations,on the 28th, and the last, with four penetrations,on the 29th. Although satellite imagery continues to improveand is probably one of the most important tools usedby the tropical forecaster today, aircraft recon632 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 108TABLE 1. Monthly distribution of eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones, 1979.*May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov TotalTropical depressions 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 3Tropicalstorms' 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 4Hurricanes 0 1 1 2 1 1 0_ 6Total 1 2 3 2 2 2 I 13* Cyclones are ascribed to the month in which they began.naissance and synoptic ship reports retain their importance as invaluable comparative observationsfor both the tropical forecaster and the satellitemeteorologist.4. Forecast verification Several computer-derived forecasts of tropicalcyclone tracks for the eastern North Pacific wereavailable from the National Hurricane Center inMiami during the 1979 season. The forecast tracksincluded an analog model (EPAN~ALOG), a statistical synoptic model (EPHC77), a simalated analogmodel (CLIPER) and a barotropic model (SANBAR). A movable fine-mesh model, available onrequest from the National Meteorological Centerin Maryland, was not run for the eastern NorthPacific during the 1979 season. Table 5, computedby Charles L. Roberts, lead forecaster at the WeatherService Forecast Office in Redwood City, showsaverage forecast errors for each of the models 'aswell as the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center forecasters. Error computations in 1979 include tropicaldepression forecasts and therefore are not comparable with earlier years. The average 1979 Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center forecast error for the 12, 24, 48 and 72 h periodswas 118 n mi. The combined error for the computerderived forecasts was 128 n mi.5. Individual named cyclonesa. Tropical Depression One, 31 May-I June The 1979 eastern North Pacific tropical cycloneseason began with a small tropical disturbance 300 nmi south of Manzanillo, Mexico at 1800 GMT 29May. The cargo ship Pioneer Commander 30 n misouth of the disturbance reported heavy continuousrain and a pressure of 1013.0 mb. Six hours later theship was 30 n mi west of the disturbance and reporting a pressure of 1009.5 mb. Moving slowly westsouthwest over 86-F wat. er, the disturbance beganto intensify. By 1800 GMT 31 May satellite imageryshowed cyclonic circulation about the center and thedisturbance was upgraded to a tropical depressionnear 13.5-N, 107.5-W. Fig. 3.shows the cyclone at1816 GMT 31 May, shortly after upgrading to a tropical depression. The depression then turned northwest and, accelerating to 7 kt, began to weakenrapidly over colder 797F water. The final advisoryon the cyclone was issued at 0000 GMT 1 June withthe center dissipating near 14.0-N, 108.0-W or 370 nmi south-southwest of Manzanillo.b. Hurricane Andres, 31 May-4 June The second cyclone of the seas. on began as a tropical disturbance 300 n mi south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec at 0000 GMT 31 .May. By 1800 GMT cycloniccirculation had developed about the center and thedisturbance was upgraded to a tropical depressionnear I I.0-N, 95.5-W. With winds between 25 andTABLE 2. Frequency of eastern North Pacific: tropical stormsand hurricanes combined by months and years.*TABLE 3. Number of eastern North Pacific tropical storms reaching hurricane intensity by months and years.* - 'Year May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov. Total Year May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Total 1966 0 1 0 4 6 2 0 13 1966 1967 0 3 4 4 3 3 0 17 1967 1968 0 1 4 8 3 3 0 19 1968 1969 0 0 3 2 4 1 0 10 1969 1970 1 3 6 4 1 2 1 18 1970 1971 1 1 7 4 2 2 1 18 1971 1972 1 0 1 6 2 I 1 12 1972 1973 0 3 4 1 3 1 0 ' 12 1973 1974 1 3 3 6 .2 2 0 17 1974 1975 0 2 4 5 3 1 1 16 1975 1976 0 2 4 4 3 1 0 14 1976 1977 I I 1 1 3 1 0 8 1977 1978 I ' 3 4 6 2 2 0 18 1978 1979 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 10 1979Total 6 25 47 57 38 24 5 202 TotalAverage 0.4 1.8 3.4 4.1 2.7 1.7 0.4 14.4 Average0 1 0 4 2 0 0 70 1 0 2 1 2 0 60 0 0 3 2 1 0 60 0 1 1 1 1 0 41 0 1 1 0 1 0 41 I 5 2 2 1 0 121 0 0 6 1 0 0 80 1 3 0 2 I 0 7'0 '2 - 2 4 2 1 0 110 1 2 3 1 1 0 80 2 1 2 3 0 0 80 0 1 1 1 .1 0 4I 2 3 4 1 1 0 120 1 1 2 1 1 0 64 12 20 35 20 12 0 1030.3 0.9 1.4 2.5 1.4 0.9 0.0 7.4* Cyclones are ascribed to the month in which they'began. * Cyclones are ascribed to the month in which they began.MnY 1980 EMIL B. GUNTHERTABLE 4, Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones of 1979. (All time GMT, latitudes north, longitudes west. Hu = hurricane, Ts = tropical storm, Td = tropical depression.)633Cyclone/lifespanHighest sustained wind FinalDepression Storm Hurricane Storm Depression position From ToSpeed (kt)Td One31 May- 1 JunHu Andres31 May-4 JunTs Blanca21-25 JunTs Carlos14-16 JulTd Five16 JulHu Dolores17-23 JulHu Enrique17-24 AugHu Fefa21-25 AugTd Nine4 SepHu Guillermo8-13 SepTs Hilda4-6 OctHu Ignacio23-30 OctTs Jimena15-18 Nov311800 010000 311800 01000013.5-107.5 14.0-108.0 13.5-107.5 14.0-108.0311800 020600 031800 041200 040000 04060011.0-095.5 12.8-098.8 16.7-100.7 18.2-103.2 17.1-101.5 17.5-102.3210600 220000 250600 251200 220600 24000009.5-102.7 09.3-107.0 12.8-122.8 13.3-124.9 09.5-108.1 11.2-115.6141800 150000 160000 160600 151200 16000017.0-103.5 17.4-104.4 18.5-110.3 18.5-113.0 17.9-106.9 18.5-110.3160200 161200 160200 16120020.3-108.1 21.5-110.5 20.3-108.1 21.5-110.5170600 171800 181800 220000 221800 231800 210000 21060010.5-103.7 11.2-107.0 12.4-112.6 20.3-121.8 23.3-124.2 27.3-127.0 16.9-118.9 17.7-119.7171800 180000 190000 21060011.2-113.8 11.2-114.9 12.8-119.0 15.4-126.0 211700 231200 240000 241800 221200 230000 16.4-1!26.7 20.4-132.0 21.1-133.5 .21.3-135.8 18.2-129.2 19.6-130.7210000 210600 220600 240600 241800 250000 23 ! 200 23180013.9-101.8 14.2-103.1 15.8-109.6 18.0-121.4 18.2-122.7 18.4-123.3 17.8-117.8 17.8-119.8040600 041800 040600 04 180014.5-095.0 16.0-097.5 14.5-095.0 16.0-097.5081800 090600 111800 120600 130000 131200 111800 12060016.0-101.0 16.8-103.9 21.1-110.5 21.6-110.6 21.6-110.6 21.6-110.6 21.1-110.5 21.6-110.6040000 050600 060000 061800 ' 050600 05180013.0-104.0 14.6-110.4 15.1-114.2 15.8-118.0 14.6-110.4 15.0-112.9231800 241200 261800 291800 301200 301200 271800 280000I1.7-095.3 11.5-097.9 15.3-104.3 18.1-105.8 18.0-102.3 18.0-102.3 17.0-107.3 17.1-107.6150600 152100 180000 180600 161800 17060008.5-088.0 08.5-090.5 10.8-098.7 10.8-099.6 09.4-094.1 10.8-095.725854545301051251002565401255530 kt, the depression moved west at 6 kt, reaching11.3-N, 97.6-W by 1200 GMT 1 June. It then turnednorth-northwest and began to slowly intensify. At1800 GMT the cargo ship Atlantic Neptune, 105 n miwest of the depression, reported north-northwesterly25 kt winds, 15 ft seas, and a sea surface temperature of 860F. By 0600 GMT 2 June winds near thecenter of the depression had increased to 35 kt andthe cyclone was upgraded to Tropical Storm Andresnear 12.8-N, 98.8-W or 250 n mi south of Acapulco,Mexico. Winds increased to 40 kt by 1800 GMT and55 kt by 0000 GMT 3 June. The cargo ships SaturnDiamond and Mammoth Fir and the tankers Overseas Aleutian and Atigun Pass were helpful in locating the center of Andres between 1800 GMT 2 Juneand 0000 GMT 3 June. At 1200 GMT 3 June anothertanker, the Texaco Georgia, 140 n mi east of Andres,reported east-southeasterly 32 kt winds, heavy rain,and 14 ft seas. TheAtigun Pass, now 100 n mi eastsoutheast of Andres, reported east-southeasterly60-65 kt winds, heavy rain, high seas and a pressureof 992.0 mb. At 1500 GMT winds on the TexacoGeorgia, now 100 n mi east of the storm center,shifted to south-southeast 44 kt, and seas increasedto 18 ft. By 1800 GMT winds near the center ofAndres had increased to 65 kt and the storm was upgraded to a hurricane near 16.7-N, 100.7-W or 50 nmi west of Acapulco. Andres then turned westnorthwest and, moving at 9 kt, continued to intensify. Fig. 4 shows Andres at 1946 GMT 3 Junenear 16.9-N, 100.9-W. A small eye can be seen nearthe center of the cyclone, 20 n mi from the Mexicancoast. At 2300 GMT the Texaco Georgia, 25 n mieast of Andres, reported 77 kt winds and 30 ft seas.The ship also reported the apparent center of thehurricane as a violent circular squall area, 18 nmi in radius, converging from all quadrants. By0000 GMT 4 June winds near the center of thehurricane had increased to their maximum intensityof 85 kt. The Texaco Georgia, 6 n mi to the east,MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 108634F1G. 1. Tracks of eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones 1-7/1979.reported southerly. 80 kt winds, heavy continuousrain, a sea surface temperature of 81-F and a pressure of 997.6 mb. At 0230 GMT 4 June the tankerKeystoneer reported the hurricane eye at 17.2-N,101.9-W..The ship, 90 n mi south of Andres, re-.ported 70 kt winds, 20 ft seas and a pressure of995.0 rob. By 0600 GMT the hurricane was 25 n mifrom the Mexican coast and mid way betweenAcapulco and Manzanillo. Andres then turnednorthwest and, moving at 10 kt, began to weaken.By 1200 GMT winds had decreased to 65 kt. Thecenter, 5 n mL off the Mexican coast, was near18.2-N, 103.2-W. One hour later, at 1300 GMT, thehurricane moved onshore 215 n mi west-northwest ofAcapulco and 90 n mi southeast of Manzanillo.Andres weakened rapidly after moving onshore.The final advisory on the cyclone was issued at 1800GMT 4 June with the center 30 n mi east-southeastof Manzanillo and 10 n mi inland from the coast.c. Tropical Storm Blanca, 21-25 June An Atlantic tropical disturbance, after crossingthe Isthmus of Panama and C6sta Rica, moved intothe eastern North Pacific on 17 June. Moving westat 10-15 kt, the disturbance showed little development through 20 June. By 0600 GMT 21 June satellite imagery began to show cyclonic circulationabout the center and the disturbance was upgradedto a tropical depression near 9.5-N, 102.7-W or 400 nmi east of Clipperton Island. Winds near the centerincreased to 35 kt by 0000 GMT 22 June and thedepression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Blancanear 9.3-N, 107.0-W or 140 n mi east-southeast ofClipperton Island. Still moving west, the storm continued to intensify over 84-F water. Blanca reachedits maximum intensity of 45 kt by 0600 GMT withthe center near 9.5-N, 108. l-W or 80 n mi east-southeast of Clipperton Island. Fig. 5, an enhanced infrared satellite image,, shows Blanca with 45 kt windsat 0645 GMT 22 June. The storm passed 30 n misouth of Cl.ipperton Island at 1300 GMT 22 June,then turned west-northwest and began to slowlyweaken. By 1200 GMT 24 June winds had diminishedto 35 kt. By 0600 GMT 25 June they were down to25 kt and the storm was downgraded to a tropicaldepression near 12.8-N, 122.8-W. The cyclone, nowover 80-F water, was beginning to weaken rapidly.The final advisory on the cyclone was issued at1200 GMT 25 June with the center dissipating rapidlynear 13.3-N, 124.9-W.d. Tropical Storm Carlos, 14-16 July The fourth cyclone of the season began as a tropical disturbance near the Gulf of Tehuantepec on11 July. Moving across the Gulf at 8 kt, the disturbance began to slowly intensify. By 1800 GMT14 July satellite pictures showed cyclonic circulation about the center and the disturbance was upMAY 1980 EMIL B. GUNTHER 635FIO. 2. Tracks of eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones 8-13, 1979.graded to a tropical depression near 17.0-N, 103.5-Wor 220 n mi west of Acapulco, Mexico. The depression then turned west-northwest and, moving over aridge of warm 86-F water, began to intensify rapidly.Fig. 6 shows the cyclone at 1815 GMT. By 0000GMT 15 July, winds near the center had increasedto 35 kt and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Carlos near 17.4-N, 104.4-W. Acceleratingto 12 kt, Carlos continued to move west-northwestand intensify. Winds near the center increased totheir maximum intensity of 45 kt by 1200 GMT, continued through 1800 GMT, then began to decreaseas the storm accelerated to 18 kt over 82-F water.The cargo ship Hiratsuka Maru (vas helpful inlocating the center of the storm between 0600 and1800 GMT. By 0000 GMT 16 July winds had diminished to 30 kt and Carlos was downgraded to a tropical depression near 18.5-N, 110.3-W or 40 n mi eastsoutheast of Socorro Island. The cyclone then turnedwest, passing 15 n mi south of Socorro Island between 0100 and 0200 GMT. Moving toward coolerwater and low clouds to the west, the depressionweakened rapidly. The final advisory on the cyclonewas issued at 0600 GMT 16 July with the center near18.5-N, 113.0-~W or 120 n mi west of Socorro Island.e. Tropical Depression Five, 16 July A weak disturbance spinning off the north side ofTropical Storm Carlos on 15 July became the fifthcyclone of the 1979 season. By 0200 GMT 16 Julysatellite imagery showed .cyclonic circulation aboutthe center and the disturbance was upgraded to atropical depression near 20.3-N, 108. l-W. With 30 ktwinds near the center, the cyclone moved northwestat 15 kt. The depression began to weaken almostimmediately as it passed from an area of 83-F waterto cooler 78-F water. With cyclonic circulation nolonger evident about the center, the final advisoryon the depression was issued at 1200 GMT with thecenter near 21.5-N, 110.5-W or about 90 n mi southof the tip of Baja California. Remnants of thecyclone can be seen west of the tip of Baja California in Fig. 7.f. Hurricane Dolores, 17-23 July Hurricane Dolores, the sixth cyclone of the season, began as a tropical disturbance 350 n mi southTABLE 5, Forecast errors.*Forecast period (h)12 24 48 72EPHCforecasters 163/57 145/105 81/182 45/269EPANALOG 151/61 132/100 95/184 59/237EPHC77 144/57 124/102 92/177 56/261CLIPER 154/59 136/101 100/179 61/250SANBAR 52/66 45/116 32/236 20/383* Number of cases/average error in (n mi).636 MONTHLY268~. ~ $$~0N1WEATHERREVIEW VouuM~ 108.2b~-IFIo. 3. Visible satellite picture showing Tropical Depression Onenear 13.5-N, 107.5-W at 1816 GMT 31 May.of the Guatemalan coast on 14 July. Moving westat 10 kt, the disturbance began to intensify. By 0600GMT 17 July cyclonic circulation was evident aboutthe center and the disturbance was upgraded to atropical depression near 10.5-N, 103.7-W. Windsnear the center increased to 35 kt by 1800 GMT andthe depression was upgraded to Tropical StormDolores near 11.2-N, 107.0-W. The ship Rode Zee,160 n mi to the northeast, was helpful in locating thecenter of the cyclone. Dolores continued to intensifyover 85-F water as it moved around the south side ofan upper level high pressure area centered over the5tqlO0~-2FI~. 5. Enhanced infrared satellite image of Tropical StormBlanca near 9.5-N, 108.2-W at 0645 GMT 22 June.west coast of Baja California. By 1800 GMT 18 Julywinds had increased to 65 kt and the storm wasupgraded to a hurricane near 12.4-N, 112.6-W. By0600 GMT 19 July Dolores reached 12.8-N, 114.8-W.It then turned northwest and, slowing to 8 kt, beganto intensify rapidly. Satellite pictures showedDolores with a well-defined eye by 1800 GMT 19July. Winds near the center increased to 100 kt by0600 GMT 20 July and reached their maximum intensity of 105 kt by 0000 GMT on 21 July. Fig. 8shows Dolores near its maximum intensity at 2345FIG. 4. Visible satellite picture with 0.5 n mi resolution showingHurricane Andres near 16.9-N, 100.9-W at 1946 GMT 3 June. FIG. 6. Tropical Depression Four rapidly intensifying intoTropical Storm Carlos near the Mexican coast at 1815 GMT14 July.1980 EMIL B. ,GUNTHER 637GMT 20 July. Increasing its speed to I 1 kt, Dolorescontinued to move northwest around the upper levelhigh-pressure area which, by now, had moved tonorthern Mexico. Moving 600 n mi offshore andparallel to the Baja California coast, the cyclonebegan to weaken over colder 78-F water. By 0000GMT 22 July winds had decreased to 60 k~t and thehurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm near20.3-N, 121.8-W. Low clouds feeding into thecyclonic circulation from the north and west weakened the cyclone rapidly. By 1800 GMT winds haddiminished to 30 kt and the storm was downgradedto a tropical depression near 23.3-N, 124.2-W.The final advisory on the cyclone was issued at 1800GMT 23 July with the center near 27.3-N, 127.0-Wor 650 n mi west of the Baja California coast.g. Hurricane Enrique, 17-24 August Three and a half weeks el.apsed before the nextcyclone began as a tropical disturbance near 11.0-N;'107.0-W. Moving west at 9 kt, the disturbance began to intensify over 86-F water. By 1800 GMT 17August cyclonic circulation had developed about thecenter and the disturbance was upgraded to a tropical depression near 11.2-N, 113.8-W. Winds near thecenter increased to 35 kt by 0000 GMT 18 August andthe depression was upgraded to Tropical StormEnrique near ll.2-N, 114.9-W. The cyclone thenturned west-northwest and, with winds increasing to55 kt, reached 12.8-N, I17.9-W by 1800 GMT.Enrique then turned west again and, with winds increasing to 65 kt, was upgraded to a hurricane at0000 GMT 19 August near 12.8-N, l19.0-W. Satellite pictures were now beginning to show an eyenear the center of the cyclone. The tanker ChamFIG. 7. Remnants of Tropical Depression Five can be seen 150 nmi west of the tip of Baja California at 1715 GMT 16 July.FIG. 8. Hurricane Dolores with 105 kt winds near 16.9-N, 118.9-W at 2345 GMT 20 July.plain was helpful in locating the center of Enriquenear 13.1-N, 122.0-W at 1800 GMT. As the cyclonecontinued to move west, it passed over cooler 81-Fwater and began to weaken. Winds, which had increased to 70 kt, decreased to 65 kt by 0600 GMT20 August with the center near 13.8-N, 123.8-W.Enrique then turned northwest and, slowing to 7 kt,continued to weaken as low clouds to the north began to feed into the cyclonic circulation. By 0600GMT 21 August winds were down to 55 kt and thehurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm near FIG. 9. Visible satellite picture with 0.5 n mi resolution showing Hurricane Enrique with 125 kt winds near 18.8-N, 129.8-Wat 1645 GMT 22 August.638 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 1081915 22~U79 35~4 00091 5~t25Nl12W-1'FIG. 10. Hurricanes Fefa south of B~a California and Enrique near 19.0-N, 130.07W at. 1915 GMT 22 August.15.4-N, 126.0-W. Thirteen hundred n mi to the eastthe next cyclone of the season had just been upgraded to Tropical Storm Fefa, 250 n mi southwestOf Acapulco, Mexico. Still moving northwest,Enrique passed beyond the field of low clouds andonce again began t0 intensify. By 1700 GMT 21August winds had increased to 70 kt and the stormwas upgraded to a hurricane again near 16.4-N,126.7-W. Continuing northwest, Enrique intensifiedrapidly. By 0000 GMT 22 August winds had increasedto 110 kt and by 1200 GMT reached their maximumintensity at 125 kt. The cargo ship Austral Moon,70 n mi to the west, reported northwest 50 kt winds,35 ft seas, an air temperature of 75-F and a seasurface temperature of 72-F. Fig. 9 shows Enriquewith 125 kt winds at 1645 GMT 22 August. By 1800GMT Enrique was near 18.9-N, 129.9-W. TheAustral Moon, 180 n mi to the south-southwest, reported northwest 35 kt winds and 24 ft seas. Anothercargo ship, the Crystal Azalea 230 n mi west ofEnrique, reported northeast 35 kt winds, 13 ft seas,an air temperature of 75-F and a sea surface temperature of 72-F. Continuing northwest, Enrique beganto move over progressively colder water and weaken.With low clouds feeding into the cyclone from thenorthwest, winds diminished to 55 kt by 1200 GMT23 August and the hurricane was downgraded to atropical storm near 20.4-N, 132.0-W. The stormthen turned west and, moving at 8 kt, weakenedrapidly. By 0000 GMT 24 August winds were downto 30 kt and the storm was downgraded to a tropicaldepression near 21. I-N, 133.5-W. The final advisoryon the cyclone was issued at 1800 GMT with thecenter near 21.3-N, 135.8-W. Fefa, 780 n mi to theeast, was weakening rapidly near 18.2-N, 122.7-W.h. Hurricane Fefa, 21-25 August The eighth cyclone of the season, Hurricane Fefa,began as a tropical disturbance 340 n mi southsoutheast of Acapulco at 0000 GMT 19 August. Thedisturbance moved northwest at 6 kt through 1200'GMT 20 August, then turned west-northwest andwas upgraded to a tropical depression near 13.9-N,101.8-W at 0000 GMT 21 August. Moving aroundthe south side of an upper level high centered overnorthwest Mexico, the depression accelerated to 14kt over 85-F water. By 0600 GMT winds had increased to 35 kt and the cyclone was upgraded toTropical Storm Fefa near 14.2-N, 103.1-W or 250 nmi southwest of Acapulco. As the storm movedwest-northwest, the tanker Anco Sceptre and cargoship Alps Maru were helpful in locating the center.Fefa moved to 15.3-N, 106.1-W by 1800 GMT. Thestorm then turned west and, with 55 kt winds increasing to 75 kt, was upgraded to a hurricane near15.8-N, 109.6-W at 0600-GMT 22 August. Windsincreased to 90 kt by 1200 GMT as the hurricanepassed 150 n mi south of Socorro Island. It thenturned west-northwest and, accelerating to 17 kt,reached its maximum intensity of 100 kt near 17.8-N,117.8-W by 1200 GMT 23 August. Fig. 10 showsthe hurricane with a well-defined eye near 16.7-N,112.4-W at 1915 GMT 22 August. Hurricane Enriquecan be-seen to the west near 19.0-N, 130.0-W.Turning west, Fefa accelerated to 19 kt by 1800GMT, then began to slow and weaken over 78-Fwater. By 0000 GMT 24 August Fefa was moving at10 kt and winds near the center had decreased to65 kt. Six hours later the hurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm with 55 kt winds near theSC25Nli2W-1FIG. 11. Tropical Depression Nine-nearthe Gulf ofTehuantepec at 1715GMT4 September.MAY 1980 EMIL B. GUNTHER 639center at 18.0-N, 121.4-W. Weakening depressionover the 78-F water, Fefa was downgraded to atropical depression near 18.2-N, 122.7-W at 1800GMT. The final advisory on the cyclone was issuedat 0000 GMT 25 August with the center dissipatingnear 18.4-N, 123.3-W.i. Tropical Depression Nine, 4 September The ninth cyclone of the season began as a disturbance 300 n mi south of the Gulf of Tehuantepecat 0000 GMT 3 September. Moving north at 8 kt, thedisturbance began to intensify. By 0000 GMT 4September cyclonic circulation was evident aboutthe center and the disturbance was upgraded to atropical depression near 14.5-N, 95.0-W or -100 nmi south of the GulfofTehuantepec. The depressionthen turned west-northwest and, accelerating to 14kt, moved onshore 145 n mi east-southeast ofAcapulco at 1800 GMT. Fig. 11 shows the depression at 1715 GMT, 45 min before moving onshore.After moving inland the cyclone dissipated rapidly.j. Hurricane Guillermo, 8-13 September Guillermo, the tenth cyclone of the season, beganas a tropical disturbance 130 n mi south of the Gulfof Tehuantepec on 7 September. Moving westnorthwest at 15 kt, the disturbance was. upgradedto a tropical depression near 16.0-N, 101.0-W at1800 GMT 8 September. The tanker Pisces, 170 n mito the southeast, was helpful in locating the centerof the depression. Winds increased to 40 kt by 0600GMT 9 September and the depression was upgradedby Tropical Storm Guillermo near 16.8-N, 103.9-W.The cargo ships Keelong and Hohkokusan Maruhelped to locate the center of the storm near 17.8-N,lalS lts[?~ -4~~gs4~Csc2sk .2u-~Fro. 12. Hurricane Guillermo with 65 kt winds off the tip of Baja California.00811 26431SC25~ql12W-1 FIG. 13. Enhanced infrared satellite image of Tropical StormHilda with 40 kt winds near 14.8-N, lI1.6-W at 1145 GMT5 October.106.2-W at 1800 GMT. Guillermo then turned northwest and, slowing to 8 kt over 84-F water, began tomove around the southwest side of an upper levelhigh over central Mexico. The cargo ship AmericanHighway helped to locate the center of the stormnear 20,1-N, 108.9-W at 1800 GMT 10 September. Turning west-northwest, Guillermo moved to20.6-N, 109.7-W by 0000 GMT 11 September. Thecargo ships American Legion and Kurobe Maruhelped to locate the center of the storm. Still moving west-northwest, Guillermo slowed to 3 kt and began to intensify. The cargo ship Chu Fujino, 20 nmi southeast of the storm at 1600 GMT, reported60 kt winds, rough seas and a pressure of 994.0 mb.Winds near the center of Guillermo reached theirmaximum intensity of 65 kt by 1800 GMT and thestorm was upgraded to a hurricane near 21.1-N,l10.5-W. Fig. 12 shows Guillermo at 1815 GMT.Guillermo moved to 21.6-N, 110.6-W by 0000 GMT12 September where it remained quasi-stationaryand slowly weakened over 79-F water. With decreasing winds, the hurricane was downgraded to atropical storm at 0600 GMT and a tropical depression at 0000 GMT 13 September. The final advisoryon the cyclone was issued at 1200 GMT with the center still at 21.6-N, l10.6-W. Several ships (theAgness Foss, Danwood Ice, Haiti Maru, Leda,Ogden Danube and Firebush) helped to locate thecenter between 1800 GMT 11 September and 0000GMT 13 September.k. Tropical Storm Hilda, 4-6 October Tropical cyclone eleven began as a disturbance200 n mi south of the Guatemalan coast on 1 October.640 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 1082215 27DC79 35A-1 0485~2~~~ SA17N108W-2FIG. 14. Hurricane Ignacio with 125 kt winds 390 n mi southsoutheast of the tip of Baja California at 2215 GMT 27 October.Moving west over 82-F water, the disturbance beganto intensify and was upgraded to a tropical depression near 13.0-N, 104.0-W at 0000 GMT 4 October.Tuna fishing boats north and south of the cyclonewere helpful in locating the center. Moving west at13 kt over 84-F water, the depression continued tointensify. The tanker Acila helped to locate the center near 13.8-N, 108.0-W at 1800 GMT. The depres~sion then turned west-northwest and, with winds increasing to 40 kt, was upgraded to Tropical StormHilda near 14.6-N, 110.4-W at 0600 GMT 5 October.Hilda then turned west, passing 250 n mi south ofSocorro Island at 0900 GMT. Fig. 13, an enhancedinfrared satellite image, shows the cyclone at itsmaximum intensity of 40 kt near 14.8-N, lll.6-Wat 1145 GMT 5 October. Continuing to move west,Hilda began to pass over 81-F water and weaken.By 0000 GMT 6 October winds had decreased to30 kt and the storm was downgraded to a depressionnear 15.1-N, 114.2-W. The final advisory on thecyclone was issued at 1800 GMT 6 October with thecenter dissipating near 15.8-N, l18.0-W.100.5-W or 300 n mi south of Acapuico. It thenturned northwest and, moving at 9 kt,.began to intensify rapidly over progressively warmer water.By 1800 GMT 26 October winds had increaed to70 kt over 87-F water and the storm was upgradedto a hurricane near 15.3-N, 104.3-W. Ignacio movedto 16.8-N, 106.4-W by 1200 GMT 27 October, thenturned west and continued to intensify. At 1742GMT U.S. Air Force reconnaissance aircraft located the center of Ignacio near 17.0-N, 107.3-W.Winds near the center of the cyclone had increasedto their maximum intensity of 125 kt. The hurricaneeye was reported with a well-defined closed wall20 n mi in diameter. Surface pressure was estimatedat 938.0 mb. Fig. 14 shows Ignacio with 125 kt windsat 2215 GMT 27 October 390 n mi south-southeast ofthe tip of Baja California. The reconnaissance aircraft made a second ~and third penetration of thecyclone at 1930 and 2022 GMT. Surface pressurewas estimated at 937.0 mb and the eye was reportedcovered with low broken clouds. Between 1800GMT 27 October and 0000 GMT 28 October severalships (the Bodena, Lutsk, Pioneer Commander andVerranzano Bridge) were helpfu~ in locating the center of Ignacio. By 0600 GMT 28 October Ignaciohad moved to 17.0-N, 108.0-W. It then turned northand, slowing to 4 kt, began to weaken over 84-Fwater. At 1755 GMT reconnaissance aircraft flewinto Ignacio again locating the center near 17.7-N,108.1-W. Surface pressure was now estimated at969.0 mb and the eye, filled with low clouds, had decreased to a diameter of 5 n mi. A second penetration of the cyclone at 1930 GMT showed little change.By 0000 GMT 29 October Ignacio had moved toI. Hurricane Ignacio, 23-30 October Two weeks elapsed before the next cyclone of theseason began as a tropical disturbance 200 n misouthwest of the Guatemalan coast on 22 October.Moving west at 6 kt over 82-F water, the disturbancebegan to intensify and was upgraded to a depression near ll.7-N, 95.3-W at 1800 GMT 23 October.Winds near the center increased to 35 kt by 1200GMT 24 October and the depression was upgradedto Tropical Storm Ignacio near l l.5-N, 97.9-W. By0600 GMT 25 October the storm was near ll.9-N, FIG. 15. Tropical Storm Jimena near 8.5-N, 90.6-W at 2131GMT 15 November. Upslope clouds, indicative of Tehuantepecwinds,~ can be seen on the north side of the Isthmus ofTehuantepec.Mn- 1980 EMIL B. GUNTHER 64118.0-N, 107.9-W. It then turned east and, with 80 ktwinds near the center, continued to weaken. Severalships (the Toyota Maru No. 19, Nedlloyd Kingston,Pangueon, Pacific Ace and Fairsea) were helpfulin locating the center of Ignacio between 0000 and1300 GMT 29 October. Winds near the center of thecyclone diminished to 55 kt by 1800 GMT and thehurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm near18.1-N, 105.8-W. Reconnaissance aircraft flewthrough Ignacio again at 2137 GMT 29 October. Surface winds were estimated at 55 kt and surface pressure at 995.0 mb. The eye had expanded to a diameter of 20 n mi but was poorly defined and filled withmid-level clouds. A second penetration of the cycloneat 2252 GMT estimated winds at 50 kt, pressure at997.0 mb, and the eye open to the north and south.A third and fourth penetration of the cyclone at 0003and 0038 GMT 30 October showed little change fromearlier reports. By 0000 GMT 30 October Ignaciohad moved to 18. I-N, 105.0-W or 75 n mi southwestof Manzanillo, Mexico. Accelerating to 13 kt, Ignaciomoved rapidly eastward toward the Mexican coast.The final advisory on the storm was issued at 1200GMT 30 October as the cyclone moved onshore 140n mi east-southeast of Manzanillo and 170 n mi westnorthwest of Acapulco. Remnants of Ignacio driftedacross southern Mexico, dissipating over the YucatanPeninsula on 31 October.m. Tropical Storm Jimena, 15-18 November The thirteenth and final cyclone of the seasonbegan as a tropical disturbance 80 n mi south ofPanama on 13 November. Moving west-northwest at7 kt, the disturbance reached 8.2-N, 84.9-W by 1200GMT 14 November. It then turned west and, movingat 10 kt, began to intensify over 84-F water. By 0600GMT 15 November satellite imagery showed cycloniccirculation about the center and the disturbance wasupgraded to a tropical depression near 8.5-N,88.0-W. Winds increased to 35 kt by 2100 GMT andthe depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm'Jimena near 8.5-N, 90.5-W. Fig. 15 shows Jimena at2131 GMT, shortly after upgrading to a tropicalstorm. Upslope clouds, which can be seen on thenorth side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, are indicative of cold, dry, northerly winds spreadingsouth from the Gulf of Tehuantepec. By 0000 GMT16 November Jimena was near 8.5-N, 91.0-W. Itthen turned west-northwest and continued to intensify. The cargo ship Norse Pilot and passenger linerIsland Princess helped to locate the cyclone near9.0-N, 93.0-W at 1200 GMT. Winds increased totheir maximum intensity at 55 kt by 1800 GMT withthe center near 9.4-N, 94.1-W. Jimena then turnednorthwest, reaching 10.8-N, 95.7-W by 0600 GMT17 November. The storm then turned west again andbegan to' weaken over 82-F water and under the influence of the Tehuantepec winds flowing in from thenorth. By 0000 GMT 18 November winds had decreased to 30 kt and the storm was downgraded toa depression near 10.8-N, 98.7-W. The final advisoryon the cyclone was issued at 0600 GMT 18 November with the center dissipating near 10.8-N, 99.6-Wor 370 n mi south of Acapulco, Mexico. Remnantsof Jimena drifted west for another 72 h before disappearing from satellite view.