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Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Community Science Earth Interactions Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Journal of Climate Journal of Hydrometeorology Journal of Physical Oceanography Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Monthly Weather Review Weather and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and Society Meteorological Monographs
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Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Community Science Earth Interactions Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Journal of Climate Journal of Hydrometeorology Journal of Physical Oceanography Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Monthly Weather Review Weather and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and Society Meteorological Monographs
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Cover Monthly Weather Review
Monthly Weather Review
  • Abstract
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Popular flavors of the EnKF algorithm
    • a. General description
    • b. Stochastic and deterministic filters
      • 1) The stochastic filter
      • 2) The deterministic filter
    • c. Sequential or local filters
      • 1) Sequential ensemble Kalman filters
      • 2) The local ensemble transform Kalman filter
    • d. Extended state vector
    • e. Issues for the development of algorithms
  • 3. Use of small ensembles
    • a. Monte Carlo methods
    • b. Validation of reliability
    • c. Use of group filters with no inbreeding
    • d. Sampling error due to limited ensemble size: The rank problem
    • e. Covariance localization
      • 1) Localization in the sequential filter
      • 2) Localization in the LETKF
      • 3) Issues with localization
    • f. Summary
  • 4. Methods to increase ensemble spread
    • a. Covariance inflation
      • 1) Additive inflation
      • 2) Multiplicative inflation
      • 3) Relaxation to prior ensemble information
      • 4) Issues with inflation
    • b. Diffusion and truncation
    • c. Error in physical parameterizations
      • 1) Physical tendency perturbations
      • 2) Multimodel, multiphysics, and multiparameter approaches
      • 3) Future directions
    • d. Realism of error sources
  • 5. Balance and length of the assimilation window
    • a. The need for balancing methods
    • b. Time-filtering methods
    • c. Toward shorter assimilation windows
    • d. Reduction of sources of imbalance
  • 6. Regional data assimilation
    • a. Boundary conditions and consistency across multiple domains
    • b. Initialization of the starting ensemble
    • c. Preprocessing steps for radar observations
    • d. Use of radar observations for convective-scale analyses
    • e. Use of radar observations for tropical cyclone analyses
    • f. Other issues with respect to LAM data assimilation
  • 7. The assimilation of satellite observations
    • a. Covariance localization
    • b. Data density
    • c. Bias-correction procedures
    • d. Impact of covariance cycling
    • e. Assumptions regarding observational error
    • f. Recommendations regarding satellite observations
  • 8. Computational aspects
    • a. Parameters with an impact on quality
    • b. Overview of current parallel algorithms
    • c. Evolution of computer architecture
    • d. Practical issues
    • e. Approaching the gray zone
    • f. Summary
  • 9. Hybrids with variational and EnKF components
    • a. Hybrid background error covariances
    • b. E4DVar with the α control variable
    • c. Not using linearized models with 4DEnVar
    • d. The hybrid gain algorithm
    • e. Open issues and recommendations
  • 10. Summary and discussion
    • a. Stochastic or deterministic filters
    • b. The nature of system error
    • c. Going beyond the synoptic scales
    • d. Satellite observations
    • e. Hybrid systems
    • f. Future of the EnKF
  • Types of Filter Divergence
    • a. Classical filter divergence
    • b. Catastrophic filter divergence
  • Systems Available for Download
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      Zhang, F., C. Snyder, and J. Sun, 2004: Impacts of initial estimate and observation availability on convective-scale data assimilation with an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1238–1253, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1238:IOIEAO>2.0.CO;2.)| false
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  • Zhang, F.