Jump to Content Jump to Main Navigation
Logo Logo Logo Logo Logo Logo
Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Community Science Earth Interactions Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Journal of Climate Journal of Hydrometeorology Journal of Physical Oceanography Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Monthly Weather Review Weather and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and Society Meteorological Monographs
BROWSE PUBLISH SUBSCRIBE ABOUT
Sign in Sign up
Advanced Search Help
Logo Logo Logo Logo Logo Logo
Sign in Sign up
Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Community Science Earth Interactions Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Journal of Climate Journal of Hydrometeorology Journal of Physical Oceanography Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Monthly Weather Review Weather and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and Society Meteorological Monographs
BROWSE PUBLISH SUBSCRIBE ABOUT
Advanced Search Help

 
Cover Monthly Weather Review
Monthly Weather Review
  • Abstract
  • 1. Introduction
    • a. Rossby wave packets
    • b. The paradigm of downstream development
    • c. Different types of RWPs and their propagation
    • d. Why are midlatitude RWPs interesting?
    • e. Scope and outline of this review
  • 2. The midlatitude Rossby waveguide
    • a. The concept of a waveguide
    • b. Jet waveguides, baroclinic eddies, and storm tracks
    • c. Diagnostic approaches
    • d. Efficient waveguides and waveguide interactions
  • 3. Diagnostic frameworks
    • a. Hovmöller diagrams
    • b. Envelope reconstruction
    • c. RWP objects
    • d. Eddy kinetic energy
    • e. Wave activity flux
    • f. PV-based diagnostics
  • 4. The dynamics of RWPs and their life cycle
    • a. Propagation and localization of RWPs
      • 1) Early interpretations
      • 2) The dynamics of downstream baroclinic development
      • 3) The upstream edge of an RWP
    • b. RWP generation and modification
      • 1) RWP generation
      • 2) The role of diabatic processes
      • 3) Extratropical transition of tropical cyclones
    • c. Nonlinear effects: RWP decay and interaction with the mean flow
    • d. Conclusions
  • 5. Climatological properties of RWPs
    • a. Results based on regression and composite techniques
    • b. Recent results based on RWP objects
    • c. Climatological impact of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones
  • 6. RWPs and weather forecasting
    • a. How well are RWPs and the waveguide predicted?
    • b. Zonal propagation of forecast errors and uncertainties
    • c. Upscale error growth affecting RWPs
    • d. Potential for extended-range predictability from RWPs
    • e. Forecast uncertainty associated with the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones
  • 7. RWPs as precursors to extreme weather
  • 8. Summary, caveats, and future directions
    • a. Recent developments
    • b. Remaining issues and future directions
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
  • Agusti-Panareda, A., 2008: The contribution of ex–Tropical Cyclone Gert (1999) toward the weakening of a midlatitude cyclogenesis event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2091–2111, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR1637.1.

    • Crossref
    • Agusti-Panareda, A., 2008: The contribution of ex–Tropical Cyclone Gert (1999) toward the weakening of a midlatitude cyclogenesis event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2091–2111, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR1637.1.10.1175/2007MWR1637.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ahmadi-Givi, F., G. Craig, and R. Plant, 2004: The dynamics of a midlatitude cyclone with very strong latent-heat release. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 295–323, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.226.

    • Crossref
    • Ahmadi-Givi, F., G. Craig, and R. Plant, 2004: The dynamics of a midlatitude cyclone with very strong latent-heat release. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 295–323, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.226.10.1256/qj.02.226)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ahmadi-Givi, F., M. Nasr-Esfahany, and A. R. Mohebalhojeh, 2014: Interaction of North Atlantic baroclinic wave packets and the Mediterranean storm track. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 754–765, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2171.

    • Crossref
    • Ahmadi-Givi, F., M. Nasr-Esfahany, and A. R. Mohebalhojeh, 2014: Interaction of North Atlantic baroclinic wave packets and the Mediterranean storm track. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 754–765, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2171.10.1002/qj.2171)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aiyyer, A., 2015: Recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones and midlatitude predictability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7799–7807, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065082.

    • Crossref
    • Aiyyer, A., 2015: Recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones and midlatitude predictability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7799–7807, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065082.10.1002/2015GL065082)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andrews, D. G., J. R. Holton, and C. B. Leovy, 1987: Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, 489 pp.

  • Anthes, R. A., D. P. Baumhefner, R. M. Errico, and T. W. Bettge, 1985: Prediction of mesoscale atmospheric motions. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 28B, Academic Press, 159–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60188-0.

    • Crossref
    • Anthes, R. A., D. P. Baumhefner, R. M. Errico, and T. W. Bettge, 1985: Prediction of mesoscale atmospheric motions. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 28B, Academic Press, 159–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60188-0.10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60188-0)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Anwender, D., P. A. Harr, and S. C. Jones, 2008: Predictability associated with the impacts of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Case studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3226–3247, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2249.1.

    • Crossref
    • Anwender, D., P. A. Harr, and S. C. Jones, 2008: Predictability associated with the impacts of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Case studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3226–3247, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2249.1.10.1175/2008MWR2249.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Anwender, D., S. C. Jones, M. Leutbecher, and P. A. Harr, 2010: Sensitivity experiments for ensemble forecasts of the extratropical transition of Typhoon Tokage (2004). Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.527.

    • Crossref
    • Anwender, D., S. C. Jones, M. Leutbecher, and P. A. Harr, 2010: Sensitivity experiments for ensemble forecasts of the extratropical transition of Typhoon Tokage (2004). Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.527.10.1002/qj.527)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Archambault, H. M., L. F. Bosart, D. Keyser, and J. M. Cordeira, 2013: A climatological analysis of the extratropical flow response to recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 2325–2346, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00257.1.

    • Crossref
    • Archambault, H. M., L. F. Bosart, D. Keyser, and J. M. Cordeira, 2013: A climatological analysis of the extratropical flow response to recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 2325–2346, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00257.1.10.1175/MWR-D-12-00257.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Archambault, H. M., D. Keyser, L. F. Bosart, C. A. Davis, and J. M. Cordeira, 2015: A composite perspective of the extratropical flow response to recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 1122–1141, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00270.1.

    • Crossref
    • Archambault, H. M., D. Keyser, L. F. Bosart, C. A. Davis, and J. M. Cordeira, 2015: A composite perspective of the extratropical flow response to recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 1122–1141, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00270.1.10.1175/MWR-D-14-00270.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Badger, J., and B. J. Hoskins, 2001: Simple initial value problems and mechanisms for baroclinic growth. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 38–49, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0038:SIVPAM>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Badger, J., and B. J. Hoskins, 2001: Simple initial value problems and mechanisms for baroclinic growth. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 38–49, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0038:SIVPAM>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0038:SIVPAM>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barton, Y., P. Giannakaki, H. Von Waldow, C. Chevalier, S. Pfahl, and O. Martius, 2016: Clustering of regional-scale extreme precipitation events in southern Switzerland. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 347–369, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0205.1.

    • Crossref
    • Barton, Y., P. Giannakaki, H. Von Waldow, C. Chevalier, S. Pfahl, and O. Martius, 2016: Clustering of regional-scale extreme precipitation events in southern Switzerland. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 347–369, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0205.1.10.1175/MWR-D-15-0205.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barwell, B., and A. Lorenc, 1985: A study of the impact of aircraft wind observations on a large-scale analysis and numerical weather prediction system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 103–129, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711146704.

    • Crossref
    • Barwell, B., and A. Lorenc, 1985: A study of the impact of aircraft wind observations on a large-scale analysis and numerical weather prediction system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 103–129, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711146704.10.1002/qj.49711146704)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baumgart, M., M. Riemer, V. Wirth, F. Teubler, and S. T. Lang, 2018: Potential vorticity dynamics of forecast errors: A quantitative case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 146, 1405–1425, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0196.1.

    • Crossref
    • Baumgart, M., M. Riemer, V. Wirth, F. Teubler, and S. T. Lang, 2018: Potential vorticity dynamics of forecast errors: A quantitative case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 146, 1405–1425, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0196.1.10.1175/MWR-D-17-0196.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Benjamin, T. B., and J. Feir, 1967: The disintegration of wave trains on deep water part 1. Theory. J. Fluid Mech., 27, 417–430, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002211206700045X.

    • Crossref
    • Benjamin, T. B., and J. Feir, 1967: The disintegration of wave trains on deep water part 1. Theory. J. Fluid Mech., 27, 417–430, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002211206700045X.10.1017/S002211206700045X)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Berbery, E. H., and C. S. Vera, 1996: Characteristics of the Southern Hemisphere winter storm track with filtered and unfiltered data. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 468–481, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0468:COTSHW>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Berbery, E. H., and C. S. Vera, 1996: Characteristics of the Southern Hemisphere winter storm track with filtered and unfiltered data. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 468–481, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0468:COTSHW>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0468:COTSHW>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bierdel, L., T. Selz, and G. Craig, 2017: Theoretical aspects of upscale error growth on the mesoscales: Idealised numerical simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 3048–3059, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3160.

    • Crossref
    • Bierdel, L., T. Selz, and G. Craig, 2017: Theoretical aspects of upscale error growth on the mesoscales: Idealised numerical simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 3048–3059, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3160.10.1002/qj.3160)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Binder, H., M. Boettcher, H. Joos, and H. Wernli, 2016: The role of warm conveyor belts for the intensification of extratropical cyclones in Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 3997–4020, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0302.1.

    • Crossref
    • Binder, H., M. Boettcher, H. Joos, and H. Wernli, 2016: The role of warm conveyor belts for the intensification of extratropical cyclones in Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 3997–4020, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0302.1.10.1175/JAS-D-15-0302.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bishop, C. H., B. J. Etherton, and S. J. Majumdar, 2001: Adaptive sampling with the ensemble transform Kalman filter. Part I: Theoretical aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 420–436, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0420:ASWTET>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Bishop, C. H., B. J. Etherton, and S. J. Majumdar, 2001: Adaptive sampling with the ensemble transform Kalman filter. Part I: Theoretical aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 420–436, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0420:ASWTET>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0420:ASWTET>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blackmon, M. L., Y. Lee, J. M. Wallace, and H.-H. Hsu, 1984: Time variation of 500 mb height fluctuations with long, intermediate and short time scales as deduced from lag-correlation statistics. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 981–991, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0981:TVOMHF>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Blackmon, M. L., Y. Lee, J. M. Wallace, and H.-H. Hsu, 1984: Time variation of 500 mb height fluctuations with long, intermediate and short time scales as deduced from lag-correlation statistics. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 981–991, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0981:TVOMHF>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0981:TVOMHF>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bosart, L. F., 1981: The Presidents’ Day snowstorm of 18–19 February 1979: A subsynoptic-scale event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1542–1566, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1542:TPDSOF>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Bosart, L. F., 1981: The Presidents’ Day snowstorm of 18–19 February 1979: A subsynoptic-scale event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1542–1566, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1542:TPDSOF>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1542:TPDSOF>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bosart, L. F., 1999: Observed cyclone life cycles. The Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones, M. A. Shapiro and S. Grønas, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 187–213.

    • Crossref
    • Bosart, L. F., 1999: Observed cyclone life cycles. The Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones, M. A. Shapiro and S. Grønas, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 187–213.10.1007/978-1-935704-09-6_15)| false
    • Export Citation
  • Bosart, L. F., and G. M. Lackmann, 1995: Postlandfall tropical cyclone reintensification in a weakly baroclinic environment: A case study of Hurricane David (September 1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3268–3291, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<3268:PTCRIA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Bosart, L. F., and G. M. Lackmann, 1995: Postlandfall tropical cyclone reintensification in a weakly baroclinic environment: A case study of Hurricane David (September 1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3268–3291, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<3268:PTCRIA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<3268:PTCRIA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bosart, L. F., G. J. Hakim, K. R. Tyle, M. A. Bedrick, W. E. Bracken, M. J. Dickinson, and D. M. Schultz, 1996: Large-scale antecedent conditions associated with the 12–14 March 1993 cyclone (“Superstorm ’93”) over eastern North America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1865–1891, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1865:LSACAW>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Bosart, L. F., G. J. Hakim, K. R. Tyle, M. A. Bedrick, W. E. Bracken, M. J. Dickinson, and D. M. Schultz, 1996: Large-scale antecedent conditions associated with the 12–14 March 1993 cyclone (“Superstorm ’93”) over eastern North America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1865–1891, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1865:LSACAW>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1865:LSACAW>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bosart, L. F., B. J. Moore, J. M. Cordeira, and H. M. Archambault, 2017: Interactions of North Pacific tropical, midlatitude, and polar disturbances resulting in linked extreme weather events over North America in October 2007. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 1245–1273, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0230.1.

    • Crossref
    • Bosart, L. F., B. J. Moore, J. M. Cordeira, and H. M. Archambault, 2017: Interactions of North Pacific tropical, midlatitude, and polar disturbances resulting in linked extreme weather events over North America in October 2007. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 1245–1273, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0230.1.10.1175/MWR-D-16-0230.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Branstator, G., 1983: Horizontal energy propagation in a barotropic atmosphere with meridional and zonal structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1689–1708, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1689:HEPIAB>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Branstator, G., 1983: Horizontal energy propagation in a barotropic atmosphere with meridional and zonal structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1689–1708, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1689:HEPIAB>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1689:HEPIAB>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Branstator, G., 2002: Circumblobal teleconnections, the jet stream waveguide, and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 15, 1893–1910, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1893:CTTJSW>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Branstator, G., 2002: Circumblobal teleconnections, the jet stream waveguide, and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 15, 1893–1910, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1893:CTTJSW>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1893:CTTJSW>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Branstator, G., 2014: Long-lived response of the midlatitude circulation and storm tracks to pulses of tropical heating. J. Climate, 27, 8809–8826, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00312.1.

    • Crossref
    • Branstator, G., 2014: Long-lived response of the midlatitude circulation and storm tracks to pulses of tropical heating. J. Climate, 27, 8809–8826, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00312.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00312.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Branstator, G., and H. Teng, 2017: Tropospheric waveguide teleconnections and their seasonality. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 1513–1532, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0305.1.

    • Crossref
    • Branstator, G., and H. Teng, 2017: Tropospheric waveguide teleconnections and their seasonality. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 1513–1532, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0305.1.10.1175/JAS-D-16-0305.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bretherton, F. P., 1966: Critical layer instability in baroclinic flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 92, 325–334, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709239302.

    • Crossref
    • Bretherton, F. P., 1966: Critical layer instability in baroclinic flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 92, 325–334, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709239302.10.1002/qj.49709239302)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Briggs, R. J., 1964: Electron-Stream Interaction with Plasmas. MIT Press, 187 pp.

    • Crossref
    • Briggs, R. J., 1964: Electron-Stream Interaction with Plasmas. MIT Press, 187 pp.10.7551/mitpress/2675.001.0001)| false
    • Export Citation
  • Campa, J., and H. Wernli, 2012: A PV perspective on the vertical structure of mature midlatitude cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 725–740, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-050.1.

    • Crossref
    • Campa, J., and H. Wernli, 2012: A PV perspective on the vertical structure of mature midlatitude cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 725–740, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-050.1.10.1175/JAS-D-11-050.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2009: Potential vorticity diagnosis of a tropopause polar cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1358–1371, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2670.1.

    • Crossref
    • Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2009: Potential vorticity diagnosis of a tropopause polar cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1358–1371, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2670.1.10.1175/2008MWR2670.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chagnon, J. M., and S. L. Gray, 2015: A diabatically generated potential vorticity structure near the extratropical tropopause in three simulated extratropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 2337–2347, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00092.1.

    • Crossref
    • Chagnon, J. M., and S. L. Gray, 2015: A diabatically generated potential vorticity structure near the extratropical tropopause in three simulated extratropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 2337–2347, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00092.1.10.1175/MWR-D-14-00092.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chagnon, J. M., S. L. Gray, and J. Methven, 2013: Diabatic processes modifying potential vorticity in a North Atlantic cyclone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1270–1282, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2037.

    • Crossref
    • Chagnon, J. M., S. L. Gray, and J. Methven, 2013: Diabatic processes modifying potential vorticity in a North Atlantic cyclone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1270–1282, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2037.10.1002/qj.2037)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., 1993: Downstream development of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2038–2053, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2038:DDOBWA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., 1993: Downstream development of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2038–2053, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2038:DDOBWA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2038:DDOBWA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., 1999: Characteristics of wave packets in the upper troposphere. Part II: Seasonal and hemispheric variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1729–1747, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1729:COWPIT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., 1999: Characteristics of wave packets in the upper troposphere. Part II: Seasonal and hemispheric variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1729–1747, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1729:COWPIT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1729:COWPIT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., 2000: Wave packets and life cycles of troughs in the upper troposphere: Examples from the Southern Hemisphere summer season of 1984/85. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 25–50, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0025:WPALCO>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., 2000: Wave packets and life cycles of troughs in the upper troposphere: Examples from the Southern Hemisphere summer season of 1984/85. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 25–50, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0025:WPALCO>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0025:WPALCO>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., 2001: The structure of baroclinic wave packets. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1694–1713, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1694:TSOBWP>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., 2001: The structure of baroclinic wave packets. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1694–1713, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1694:TSOBWP>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1694:TSOBWP>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., 2005a: The impact of wave packets propagating across Asia on Pacific cyclone development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1998–2015, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2953.1.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., 2005a: The impact of wave packets propagating across Asia on Pacific cyclone development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1998–2015, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2953.1.10.1175/MWR2953.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., 2005b: The role of wave packets in wave–mean-flow interactions during Southern Hemisphere summer. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2467–2483, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3491.1.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., 2005b: The role of wave packets in wave–mean-flow interactions during Southern Hemisphere summer. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2467–2483, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3491.1.10.1175/JAS3491.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., and I. Orlanski, 1993: On the dynamics of a storm track. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 999–1015, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0999:OTDOAS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., and I. Orlanski, 1993: On the dynamics of a storm track. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 999–1015, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0999:OTDOAS>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0999:OTDOAS>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., and I. Orlanski, 1994: On energy flux and group velocity of waves in baroclinic flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3823–3828, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<3823:OEFAGV>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., and I. Orlanski, 1994: On energy flux and group velocity of waves in baroclinic flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3823–3828, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<3823:OEFAGV>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<3823:OEFAGV>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., and D. B. Yu, 1999: Characteristics of wave packets in the upper troposphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1708–1728, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1708:COWPIT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., and D. B. Yu, 1999: Characteristics of wave packets in the upper troposphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1708–1728, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1708:COWPIT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1708:COWPIT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., S. Y. Lee, and K. L. Swanson, 2002: Storm track dynamics. J. Climate, 15, 2163–2183, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<02163:STD>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., S. Y. Lee, and K. L. Swanson, 2002: Storm track dynamics. J. Climate, 15, 2163–2183, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<02163:STD>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<02163:STD>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, E. K. M., M. Zheng, and K. Raeder, 2013: Medium-range ensemble sensitivity analysis of two extreme Pacific extratropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00304.1.

    • Crossref
    • Chang, E. K. M., M. Zheng, and K. Raeder, 2013: Medium-range ensemble sensitivity analysis of two extreme Pacific extratropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00304.1.10.1175/MWR-D-11-00304.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Charney, J., 1955: The use of the primitive equations of motion in numerical prediction. Tellus, 7, 22–26, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v7i1.8772.

    • Crossref
    • Charney, J., 1955: The use of the primitive equations of motion in numerical prediction. Tellus, 7, 22–26, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v7i1.8772.10.3402/tellusa.v7i1.8772)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Charney, J., and P. G. Drazin, 1961: Propagation of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 66, 83–109, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i001p00083.

    • Crossref
    • Charney, J., and P. G. Drazin, 1961: Propagation of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 66, 83–109, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i001p00083.10.1029/JZ066i001p00083)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chen, G., J. Lu, D. A. Burrows, and L. R. Leung, 2015: Local finite-amplitude wave activity as an objective diagnostic of midlatitude extreme weather. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10 952–10 960, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066959.

    • Crossref
    • Chen, G., J. Lu, D. A. Burrows, and L. R. Leung, 2015: Local finite-amplitude wave activity as an objective diagnostic of midlatitude extreme weather. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10 952–10 960, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066959.10.1002/2015GL066959)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chen, H., 2015: Downstream development of baroclinic waves in the midlatitude jet induced by extratropical transition: A case study. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32, 528–540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-3263-8.

    • Crossref
    • Chen, H., 2015: Downstream development of baroclinic waves in the midlatitude jet induced by extratropical transition: A case study. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32, 528–540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-3263-8.10.1007/s00376-014-3263-8)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cressman, G. P., 1948: On the forecasting of long waves in the upper westerlies. J. Meteor., 5, 44–57, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0044:OTFOLW>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Cressman, G. P., 1948: On the forecasting of long waves in the upper westerlies. J. Meteor., 5, 44–57, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0044:OTFOLW>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0044:OTFOLW>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Danard, M. B., 1964: On the influence of released latent heat on cyclone development. J. Appl. Meteor., 3, 27–37, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1964)003<0027:OTIORL>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Danard, M. B., 1964: On the influence of released latent heat on cyclone development. J. Appl. Meteor., 3, 27–37, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1964)003<0027:OTIORL>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0450(1964)003<0027:OTIORL>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Danielson, R. E., J. R. Gyakum, and D. N. Straub, 2006: A case study of downstream baroclinic development over the North Pacific Ocean. Part II: Diagnoses of eddy energy and wave activity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1549–1567, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3173.1.

    • Crossref
    • Danielson, R. E., J. R. Gyakum, and D. N. Straub, 2006: A case study of downstream baroclinic development over the North Pacific Ocean. Part II: Diagnoses of eddy energy and wave activity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1549–1567, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3173.1.10.1175/MWR3173.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davies, H. C., 2015: Weather chains during the 2013/2014 winter and their significance for seasonal prediction. Nat. Geosci., 8, 833, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2561.

    • Crossref
    • Davies, H. C., 2015: Weather chains during the 2013/2014 winter and their significance for seasonal prediction. Nat. Geosci., 8, 833, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2561.10.1038/ngeo2561)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davies, H. C., and M. Didone, 2013: Diagnosis and dynamics of forecast error growth. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 2483–2501, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00242.1.

    • Crossref
    • Davies, H. C., and M. Didone, 2013: Diagnosis and dynamics of forecast error growth. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 2483–2501, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00242.1.10.1175/MWR-D-12-00242.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davies, H. C., C. Schär, and H. Wernli, 1991: The palette of fronts and cyclones within a baroclinic wave development. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1666–1689, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1666:TPOFAC>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Davies, H. C., C. Schär, and H. Wernli, 1991: The palette of fronts and cyclones within a baroclinic wave development. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1666–1689, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1666:TPOFAC>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1666:TPOFAC>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, C. A., 1992: Piecewise potential vorticity inversion. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1397–1411, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1397:PPVI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Davis, C. A., 1992: Piecewise potential vorticity inversion. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1397–1411, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1397:PPVI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1397:PPVI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, C. A., and K. A. Emanuel, 1991: Potential vorticity diagnostics of cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1929–1953, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1929:PVDOC>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Davis, C. A., and K. A. Emanuel, 1991: Potential vorticity diagnostics of cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1929–1953, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1929:PVDOC>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1929:PVDOC>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, C. A., M. T. Stoelinga, and Y. H. Kuo, 1993: The integrated effect of condensation in numerical simulations of extratropical cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2309–2330, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2309:TIEOCI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Davis, C. A., M. T. Stoelinga, and Y. H. Kuo, 1993: The integrated effect of condensation in numerical simulations of extratropical cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2309–2330, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2309:TIEOCI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2309:TIEOCI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, C. A., E. D. Grell, and M. A. Shapiro, 1996: The balanced dynamical nature of a rapidly intensifying oceanic cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0003:TBDNOA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Davis, C. A., E. D. Grell, and M. A. Shapiro, 1996: The balanced dynamical nature of a rapidly intensifying oceanic cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0003:TBDNOA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0003:TBDNOA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, C. A., S. C. Jones, and M. Riemer, 2008: Hurricane vortex dynamics during Atlantic extratropical transition. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 714–736, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2488.1.

    • Crossref
    • Davis, C. A., S. C. Jones, and M. Riemer, 2008: Hurricane vortex dynamics during Atlantic extratropical transition. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 714–736, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2488.1.10.1175/2007JAS2488.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Decker, S. G., and J. E. Martin, 2005: A local energetics analysis of the life cycle differences between consecutive, explosively deepening, continental cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 295–316, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-2860.1.

    • Crossref
    • Decker, S. G., and J. E. Martin, 2005: A local energetics analysis of the life cycle differences between consecutive, explosively deepening, continental cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 295–316, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-2860.1.10.1175/MWR-2860.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828.

    • Crossref
    • Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828.10.1002/qj.828)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • de Vries, A., S. Feldstein, M. Riemer, E. Tyrlis, M. Sprenger, M. Baumgart, M. Fnais, and J. Lelieveld, 2016: Dynamics of tropical–extratropical interactions and extreme precipitation events in Saudi Arabia in autumn, winter and spring. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 1862–1880, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2781.

    • Crossref
    • de Vries, A., S. Feldstein, M. Riemer, E. Tyrlis, M. Sprenger, M. Baumgart, M. Fnais, and J. Lelieveld, 2016: Dynamics of tropical–extratropical interactions and extreme precipitation events in Saudi Arabia in autumn, winter and spring. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 1862–1880, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2781.10.1002/qj.2781)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dickinson, M. J., L. F. Bosart, W. E. Bracken, G. J. Hakim, D. M. Schultz, M. A. Bedrick, and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The March 1993 Superstorm cyclogenesis: Incipient phase synoptic- and convective-scale flow interaction and model performance. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3041–3072, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3041:TMSCIP>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Dickinson, M. J., L. F. Bosart, W. E. Bracken, G. J. Hakim, D. M. Schultz, M. A. Bedrick, and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The March 1993 Superstorm cyclogenesis: Incipient phase synoptic- and convective-scale flow interaction and model performance. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3041–3072, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3041:TMSCIP>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3041:TMSCIP>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ding, Q., and B. Wang, 2005: Circumglobal teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere summer. J. Climate, 18, 3483–3505, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3473.1.

    • Crossref
    • Ding, Q., and B. Wang, 2005: Circumglobal teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere summer. J. Climate, 18, 3483–3505, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3473.1.10.1175/JCLI3473.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dirren, S., M. Didone, and H. C. Davies, 2003: Diagnosis of “forecast-analysis” differences of a weather prediction system. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2060, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017986.

    • Crossref
    • Dirren, S., M. Didone, and H. C. Davies, 2003: Diagnosis of “forecast-analysis” differences of a weather prediction system. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2060, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017986.10.1029/2003GL017986)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dritschel, D. G., and M. E. McIntyre, 2008: Multiple jets as PV staircases: The Phillips effect and the resilience of eddy-transport barriers. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 855–874, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2227.1.

    • Crossref
    • Dritschel, D. G., and M. E. McIntyre, 2008: Multiple jets as PV staircases: The Phillips effect and the resilience of eddy-transport barriers. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 855–874, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2227.1.10.1175/2007JAS2227.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Drouard, M., G. Rivière, and P. Arbogast, 2015: The link between the North Pacific climate variability and the North Atlantic oscillation via downstream propagation of synoptic waves. J. Climate, 28, 3957–3976, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00552.1.

    • Crossref
    • Drouard, M., G. Rivière, and P. Arbogast, 2015: The link between the North Pacific climate variability and the North Atlantic oscillation via downstream propagation of synoptic waves. J. Climate, 28, 3957–3976, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00552.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00552.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Durran, D. R., and M. Gingrich, 2014: Atmospheric predictability: Why butterflies are not of practical importance. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2476–2488, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0007.1.

    • Crossref
    • Durran, D. R., and M. Gingrich, 2014: Atmospheric predictability: Why butterflies are not of practical importance. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2476–2488, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0007.1.10.1175/JAS-D-14-0007.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eady, E. T., 1949: Long waves and cyclone waves. Tellus, 1A, 33–52, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1949.tb01265.x.

      Eady, E. T., 1949: Long waves and cyclone waves. Tellus, 1A, 33–52, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1949.tb01265.x.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eliassen, A., and E. Palm, 1961: On the transfer of energy in stationary mountain waves. Geofys. Publ., 22, 1–23.

      Eliassen, A., and E. Palm, 1961: On the transfer of energy in stationary mountain waves. Geofys. Publ., 22, 1–23.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Emanuel, K. A., M. Fantini, and A. J. Thorpe, 1987: Baroclinic instability in an environment of small stability to slantwise moist convection. Part I: Two-dimensional models. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1559–1573, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1559:BIIAEO>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Emanuel, K. A., M. Fantini, and A. J. Thorpe, 1987: Baroclinic instability in an environment of small stability to slantwise moist convection. Part I: Two-dimensional models. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1559–1573, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1559:BIIAEO>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1559:BIIAEO>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ertel, H., 1942: Ein neuer hydrodynamischer Wirbelsatz. Meteor. Z., 59, 271–281.

      Ertel, H., 1942: Ein neuer hydrodynamischer Wirbelsatz. Meteor. Z., 59, 271–281.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Esler, J. G., 1997: Wave packets in simple equilibrated baroclinic systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2820–2849, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2820:WPISEB>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Esler, J. G., 1997: Wave packets in simple equilibrated baroclinic systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2820–2849, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2820:WPISEB>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2820:WPISEB>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Esler, J. G., 2004: Benjamin–Feir instability of Rossby wave on a jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1611–1630, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.74.

    • Crossref
    • Esler, J. G., 2004: Benjamin–Feir instability of Rossby wave on a jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1611–1630, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.74.10.1256/qj.03.74)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Esler, J. G., and P. H. Haynes, 1999a: Baroclinic wave breaking and the internal variability of the troposheric circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 4014–4031, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4014:BWBATI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Esler, J. G., and P. H. Haynes, 1999a: Baroclinic wave breaking and the internal variability of the troposheric circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 4014–4031, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4014:BWBATI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4014:BWBATI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Esler, J. G., and P. H. Haynes, 1999b: Mechanisms for wave packet formation and maintenance in a quasigeostrophic two-layer model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2457–2464, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(0)056<2457:MFWPFA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Esler, J. G., and P. H. Haynes, 1999b: Mechanisms for wave packet formation and maintenance in a quasigeostrophic two-layer model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2457–2464, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(0)056<2457:MFWPFA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(0)056<2457:MFWPFA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Evans, C., and Coauthors, 2017: The extratropical transition of tropical cyclones. Part I: Cyclone evolution and direct impacts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 4317–4344, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0027.1.

    • Crossref
    • Evans, C., and Coauthors, 2017: The extratropical transition of tropical cyclones. Part I: Cyclone evolution and direct impacts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 4317–4344, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0027.1.10.1175/MWR-D-17-0027.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Farrell, B., 1982: The initial growth of disturbances in a baroclinic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1663–1686, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1663:TIGODI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Farrell, B., 1982: The initial growth of disturbances in a baroclinic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1663–1686, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1663:TIGODI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1663:TIGODI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Feldstein, S. B., and U. Dayan, 2008: Circumglobal teleconnections and wave packets associated with Israeli winter precipitation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 455–467, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.225.

    • Crossref
    • Feldstein, S. B., and U. Dayan, 2008: Circumglobal teleconnections and wave packets associated with Israeli winter precipitation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 455–467, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.225.10.1002/qj.225)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ferreira, R. N., and W. H. Schubert, 1999: The role of tropical cyclones in the formation of tropical upper-tropospheric troughs. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2891–2907, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<2891:TROTCI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Ferreira, R. N., and W. H. Schubert, 1999: The role of tropical cyclones in the formation of tropical upper-tropospheric troughs. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2891–2907, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<2891:TROTCI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<2891:TROTCI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fragkoulidis, G., V. Wirth, P. Bossmann, and A. H. Fink, 2018: Linking Northern Hemisphere temperature extremes to Rossby wave packets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 553–566, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3228.

    • Crossref
    • Fragkoulidis, G., V. Wirth, P. Bossmann, and A. H. Fink, 2018: Linking Northern Hemisphere temperature extremes to Rossby wave packets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 553–566, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3228.10.1002/qj.3228)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gabor, D., 1946: Theory of communication. J. IEEE, 93, 429–457.

      Gabor, D., 1946: Theory of communication. J. IEEE, 93, 429–457.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gabriel, A., and D. Peters, 2008: A diagnostic study of different types of Rossby wave breaking events in the northern extratropics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 86, 613–631, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86.613.

    • Crossref
    • Gabriel, A., and D. Peters, 2008: A diagnostic study of different types of Rossby wave breaking events in the northern extratropics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 86, 613–631, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86.613.10.2151/jmsj.86.613)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Galarneau, T. J., Jr., L. F. Bosart, and R. S. Schumacher, 2010: Predecessor rain events ahead of tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 3272–3297, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3243.1.

    • Crossref
    • Galarneau, T. J., Jr., L. F. Bosart, and R. S. Schumacher, 2010: Predecessor rain events ahead of tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 3272–3297, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3243.1.10.1175/2010MWR3243.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Galarneau, T. J., Jr., T. M. Hamill, R. M. Dole, and J. Perlwitz, 2012: A multiscale analysis of the extreme weather events over western Russia and northern Pakistan during July 2010. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1639–1664, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00191.1.

    • Crossref
    • Galarneau, T. J., Jr., T. M. Hamill, R. M. Dole, and J. Perlwitz, 2012: A multiscale analysis of the extreme weather events over western Russia and northern Pakistan during July 2010. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1639–1664, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00191.1.10.1175/MWR-D-11-00191.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Giannakaki, P., and O. Martius, 2016: An object-based forecast verification tool for synoptic-scale Rossby waveguides. Wea. Forecasting, 31, 937–946, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-15-0147.1.

    • Crossref
    • Giannakaki, P., and O. Martius, 2016: An object-based forecast verification tool for synoptic-scale Rossby waveguides. Wea. Forecasting, 31, 937–946, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-15-0147.1.10.1175/WAF-D-15-0147.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gidel, L. T., and M. A. Shapiro, 1979: The role of clear air turbulence in the production of potential vorticity in the vicinity of upper tropospheric jet stream-frontal systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2125–2138, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<2125:TROCAT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Gidel, L. T., and M. A. Shapiro, 1979: The role of clear air turbulence in the production of potential vorticity in the vicinity of upper tropospheric jet stream-frontal systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2125–2138, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<2125:TROCAT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<2125:TROCAT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glatt, I., and V. Wirth, 2014: Identifying Rossby wave trains and quantifying their properties. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 384–396, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2139.

    • Crossref
    • Glatt, I., and V. Wirth, 2014: Identifying Rossby wave trains and quantifying their properties. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 384–396, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2139.10.1002/qj.2139)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glatt, I., A. Dörnbrack, S. Jones, J. Keller, O. Martius, A. Müller, D. H. W. Peters, and V. Wirth, 2011: Utility of Hovmöller diagrams to diagnose Rossby wave trains. Tellus, 63A, 991–1006, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2011.00541.x.

    • Crossref
    • Glatt, I., A. Dörnbrack, S. Jones, J. Keller, O. Martius, A. Müller, D. H. W. Peters, and V. Wirth, 2011: Utility of Hovmöller diagrams to diagnose Rossby wave trains. Tellus, 63A, 991–1006, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2011.00541.x.10.1111/j.1600-0870.2011.00541.x)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Golding, B., 1984: A study of the structure of midlatitude depressions in a numerical model using trajectory techniques. I: Development of ideal baroclinic waves in dry and moist atmospheres. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 847–879, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711046605.

    • Crossref
    • Golding, B., 1984: A study of the structure of midlatitude depressions in a numerical model using trajectory techniques. I: Development of ideal baroclinic waves in dry and moist atmospheres. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 847–879, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711046605.10.1002/qj.49711046605)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grams, C. M., and H. M. Archambault, 2016: The key role of diabatic outflow in amplifying the midlatitude flow: A representative case study of weather systems surrounding western North Pacific extratropical transition. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 3847–3869, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0419.1.

    • Crossref
    • Grams, C. M., and H. M. Archambault, 2016: The key role of diabatic outflow in amplifying the midlatitude flow: A representative case study of weather systems surrounding western North Pacific extratropical transition. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 3847–3869, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0419.1.10.1175/MWR-D-15-0419.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grams, C. M., and Coauthors, 2011: The key role of diabatic processes in modifying the upper-tropospheric wave guide: A North Atlantic case-study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 2174–2193, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.891.

    • Crossref
    • Grams, C. M., and Coauthors, 2011: The key role of diabatic processes in modifying the upper-tropospheric wave guide: A North Atlantic case-study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 2174–2193, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.891.10.1002/qj.891)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grams, C. M., S. C. Jones, C. A. Davis, P. A. Harr, and M. Weissmann, 2013a: The impact of Typhoon Jangmi (2008) on the midlatitude flow. Part I: Upper-level ridgebuilding and modification of the jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 2148–2164, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2091.

    • Crossref
    • Grams, C. M., S. C. Jones, C. A. Davis, P. A. Harr, and M. Weissmann, 2013a: The impact of Typhoon Jangmi (2008) on the midlatitude flow. Part I: Upper-level ridgebuilding and modification of the jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 2148–2164, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2091.10.1002/qj.2091)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grams, C. M., S. C. Jones, and C. A. Davis, 2013b: The impact of Typhoon Jangmi (2008) on the midlatitude flow. Part II: Downstream evolution. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 2165–2180, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2119.

    • Crossref
    • Grams, C. M., S. C. Jones, and C. A. Davis, 2013b: The impact of Typhoon Jangmi (2008) on the midlatitude flow. Part II: Downstream evolution. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 2165–2180, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2119.10.1002/qj.2119)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grams, C. M., S. T. Lang, and J. H. Keller, 2015: A quantitative assessment of the sensitivity of the downstream midlatitude flow response to extratropical transition of tropical cyclones. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 9521–9529, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065764.

    • Crossref
    • Grams, C. M., S. T. Lang, and J. H. Keller, 2015: A quantitative assessment of the sensitivity of the downstream midlatitude flow response to extratropical transition of tropical cyclones. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 9521–9529, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065764.10.1002/2015GL065764)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gray, S., C. Dunning, J. Methven, G. Masato, and J. Chagnon, 2014: Systematic model forecast error in Rossby wave structure. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2979–2987, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059282.

    • Crossref
    • Gray, S., C. Dunning, J. Methven, G. Masato, and J. Chagnon, 2014: Systematic model forecast error in Rossby wave structure. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2979–2987, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059282.10.1002/2014GL059282)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grazzini, F., 2007: Predictability of a large-scale flow conductive to extreme precipitation over the western Alps. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 95, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-006-0205-8.

    • Crossref
    • Grazzini, F., 2007: Predictability of a large-scale flow conductive to extreme precipitation over the western Alps. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 95, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-006-0205-8.10.1007/s00703-006-0205-8)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grazzini, F., and G. van der Grijn, 2002: Central European floods during summer 2002. ECMWF Newsletter, No. 96, ECMWF, Reading, United Kingdom, 18–28.

  • Grazzini, F., and V. Lucarini, 2011: Climatology of extratropical atmospheric wave packets in the Northern Hemisphere. https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.3564.

  • Grazzini, F., and F. Vitart, 2015: Atmospheric predictability and Rossby wave packets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2793–2802, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2564.

    • Crossref
    • Grazzini, F., and F. Vitart, 2015: Atmospheric predictability and Rossby wave packets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2793–2802, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2564.10.1002/qj.2564)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gutowski, W. J., L. E. Branscome, and D. A. Stewart, 1992: Life cycles of moist baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 306–319, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0306:LCOMBE>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Gutowski, W. J., L. E. Branscome, and D. A. Stewart, 1992: Life cycles of moist baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 306–319, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0306:LCOMBE>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0306:LCOMBE>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of the QE II storm. II: Dynamic and thermodynamic structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1156–1173, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1156:OTEOTI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of the QE II storm. II: Dynamic and thermodynamic structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1156–1173, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1156:OTEOTI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1156:OTEOTI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hakim, G. J., 2003: Developing wave packets in the North Pacific storm track. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2824–2837, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2824:DWPITN>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Hakim, G. J., 2003: Developing wave packets in the North Pacific storm track. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2824–2837, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2824:DWPITN>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2824:DWPITN>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hakim, G. J., 2005: Vertical structure of midlatitude analysis and forecast errors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 567–578, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-2882.1.

    • Crossref
    • Hakim, G. J., 2005: Vertical structure of midlatitude analysis and forecast errors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 567–578, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-2882.1.10.1175/MWR-2882.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hanley, D., J. Molinari, and D. Keyser, 2001: A composite study of the interactions between tropical cyclones and upper-tropospheric troughs. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2570–2584, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:ACSOTI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Hanley, D., J. Molinari, and D. Keyser, 2001: A composite study of the interactions between tropical cyclones and upper-tropospheric troughs. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2570–2584, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:ACSOTI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:ACSOTI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harr, P. A., and J. M. Dea, 2009: Downstream development associated with the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1295–1319, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2558.1.

    • Crossref
    • Harr, P. A., and J. M. Dea, 2009: Downstream development associated with the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1295–1319, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2558.1.10.1175/2008MWR2558.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harr, P. A., D. Anwender, and S. C. Jones, 2008: Predictability associated with the downstream impacts of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Methodology and a case study of Typhoon Nabi (2005). Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3205–3225, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2248.1.

    • Crossref
    • Harr, P. A., D. Anwender, and S. C. Jones, 2008: Predictability associated with the downstream impacts of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Methodology and a case study of Typhoon Nabi (2005). Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3205–3225, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2248.1.10.1175/2008MWR2248.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harvey, B., J. Methven, and M. Ambaum, 2016: Rossby wave propagation on potential vorticity fronts with finite width. J. Fluid Mech., 794, 775–797, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.180.

    • Crossref
    • Harvey, B., J. Methven, and M. Ambaum, 2016: Rossby wave propagation on potential vorticity fronts with finite width. J. Fluid Mech., 794, 775–797, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.180.10.1017/jfm.2016.180)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Haurwitz, B., 1940: The motion of atmospheric disturbances on the spherical earth. J. Mar. Res., 3, 254–267.

      Haurwitz, B., 1940: The motion of atmospheric disturbances on the spherical earth. J. Mar. Res., 3, 254–267.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hayes, M., 1977: A note on group velocity. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 354A, 533–535, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1977.0082.

      Hayes, M., 1977: A note on group velocity. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 354A, 533–535, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1977.0082.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heifetz, E., C. H. Bishop, B. J. Hoskins, and J. Methven, 2004: The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. I: Mathematical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.200413059610.

    • Crossref
    • Heifetz, E., C. H. Bishop, B. J. Hoskins, and J. Methven, 2004: The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. I: Mathematical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.200413059610.10.1002/qj.200413059610)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Held, I. M., 1983: Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical troposphere: theory. Large Scale Dynamical Processes, B. J. Hoskins and R. P. Pearce, Eds., Academic Press, 127–168.

  • Henderson, J. M., G. M. Lackmann, and J. R. Gyakum, 1999: An analysis of Hurricane Opal’s forecast track errors using quasigeostrophic potential vorticity inversion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 292–307, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0292:AAOHOS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Henderson, J. M., G. M. Lackmann, and J. R. Gyakum, 1999: An analysis of Hurricane Opal’s forecast track errors using quasigeostrophic potential vorticity inversion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 292–307, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0292:AAOHOS>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0292:AAOHOS>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hodyss, D., and E. Hendricks, 2010: The resonant excitation of baroclinic waves by the divergent circulation of recurving tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3600–3616, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3459.1.

    • Crossref
    • Hodyss, D., and E. Hendricks, 2010: The resonant excitation of baroclinic waves by the divergent circulation of recurving tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3600–3616, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3459.1.10.1175/2010JAS3459.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hohenegger, C., and C. Schär, 2007: Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus cloud-resolving scales. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1783–1793, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-11-1783.

    • Crossref
    • Hohenegger, C., and C. Schär, 2007: Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus cloud-resolving scales. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1783–1793, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-11-1783.10.1175/BAMS-88-11-1783)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hollingsworth, B. A., A. Lorenc, M. Tracton, K. Arpe, G. Cats, S. Uppala, and P. Kållberg, 1985: The response of numerical weather prediction systems to FGGE level IIb data. Part I: Analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 1–66, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711146702.

    • Crossref
    • Hollingsworth, B. A., A. Lorenc, M. Tracton, K. Arpe, G. Cats, S. Uppala, and P. Kållberg, 1985: The response of numerical weather prediction systems to FGGE level IIb data. Part I: Analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 1–66, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711146702.10.1002/qj.49711146702)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Holman, K. D., D. J. Lorenz, and M. Notaro, 2014: Influence of the background state on Rossby wave propagation into the Great Lakes region based on obervations and model simulations. J. Climate, 27, 9302–9322, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00758.1.

    • Crossref
    • Holman, K. D., D. J. Lorenz, and M. Notaro, 2014: Influence of the background state on Rossby wave propagation into the Great Lakes region based on obervations and model simulations. J. Climate, 27, 9302–9322, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00758.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00758.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Holton, J. R., 1976: A semi-spectral numerical model for wave–mean flow interactions in the stratosphere: Application to sudden stratospheric warmings. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1639–1649, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1639:ASSNMF>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Holton, J. R., 1976: A semi-spectral numerical model for wave–mean flow interactions in the stratosphere: Application to sudden stratospheric warmings. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1639–1649, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1639:ASSNMF>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1639:ASSNMF>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Holton, J. R., 2004: An Introduction to Dynamical Meteorology. 4th ed. Elsevier Academic Press, 529 pp.

      Holton, J. R., 2004: An Introduction to Dynamical Meteorology. 4th ed. Elsevier Academic Press, 529 pp.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., 1975: The geostrophic momentum approximation and the semi-geostrophic equations. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 233–242, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0233:TGMAAT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., 1975: The geostrophic momentum approximation and the semi-geostrophic equations. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 233–242, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0233:TGMAAT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0233:TGMAAT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., 1990: Fronts, jets and the tropopause. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton, and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 63–80.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., 1990: Fronts, jets and the tropopause. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton, and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 63–80.10.1007/978-1-944970-33-8_5)| false
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., and D. J. Karoly, 1981: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179–1196, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., and D. J. Karoly, 1981: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179–1196, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., and P. Berrisford, 1988: A potential vorticity view of the storm of 15-16 October 1987. Weather, 43, 122–129, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03890.x.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., and P. Berrisford, 1988: A potential vorticity view of the storm of 15-16 October 1987. Weather, 43, 122–129, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03890.x.10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03890.x)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., and P. J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1854–1864, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1854:OTEOST>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., and P. J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1854–1864, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1854:OTEOST>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1854:OTEOST>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., and T. Ambrizzi, 1993: Rossby wave propagation on a realistic longitudinally varying flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1661–1671, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1661:RWPOAR>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., and T. Ambrizzi, 1993: Rossby wave propagation on a realistic longitudinally varying flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1661–1671, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1661:RWPOAR>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1661:RWPOAR>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., and I. N. James, 2014: Fluid Dynamics of the Midlatitude Atmosphere. Wiley, 408 pp., https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118526002.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., and I. N. James, 2014: Fluid Dynamics of the Midlatitude Atmosphere. Wiley, 408 pp., https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118526002.10.1002/9781118526002)| false
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., I. N. James, and G. H. White, 1983: The shape, propagation and mean-flow interaction of large-scale weather systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1595–1611, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1595:TSPAMF>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., I. N. James, and G. H. White, 1983: The shape, propagation and mean-flow interaction of large-scale weather systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1595–1611, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1595:TSPAMF>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1595:TSPAMF>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoskins, B. J., M. E. McIntyre, and A. W. Robertson, 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 877–946, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711147002.

    • Crossref
    • Hoskins, B. J., M. E. McIntyre, and A. W. Robertson, 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 877–946, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711147002.10.1002/qj.49711147002)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hovmöller, E., 1949: The trough-and-ridge diagram. Tellus, 1, 62–66.

    • Crossref
    • Hovmöller, E., 1949: The trough-and-ridge diagram. Tellus, 1, 62–66.10.3402/tellusa.v1i2.8498)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hsu, H.-H., and S.-H. Lin, 1992: Global teleconnections in the 250-mb streamfunction field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1169:GTITMS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Hsu, H.-H., and S.-H. Lin, 1992: Global teleconnections in the 250-mb streamfunction field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1169:GTITMS>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1169:GTITMS>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Huang, C. S. Y., and N. Nakamura, 2016: Local finite-amplitude wave activity as a diagnostic of anomalous weather events. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 211–229, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0194.1.

    • Crossref
    • Huang, C. S. Y., and N. Nakamura, 2016: Local finite-amplitude wave activity as a diagnostic of anomalous weather events. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 211–229, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0194.1.10.1175/JAS-D-15-0194.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Huang, C. S. Y., and N. Nakamura, 2017: Local wave activity budgets of the wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Implications for the Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5673–5682, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073760.

    • Crossref
    • Huang, C. S. Y., and N. Nakamura, 2017: Local wave activity budgets of the wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Implications for the Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5673–5682, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073760.10.1002/2017GL073760)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jacques-Coper, M., S. Broennimann, O. Martius, C. Vera, and B. Cerne, 2016: Summer heat waves in southeastern Patagonia: An analysis of the intraseasonal timescale. Int. J. Climatol., 36, 1359–1374, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4430.

    • Crossref
    • Jacques-Coper, M., S. Broennimann, O. Martius, C. Vera, and B. Cerne, 2016: Summer heat waves in southeastern Patagonia: An analysis of the intraseasonal timescale. Int. J. Climatol., 36, 1359–1374, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4430.10.1002/joc.4430)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jones, G. S., S. F. B. Tett, and P. A. Stott, 2003a: Causes of atmospheric temperature change 1960–2000: A combined attribution analysis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1228, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016377.

    • Crossref
    • Jones, G. S., S. F. B. Tett, and P. A. Stott, 2003a: Causes of atmospheric temperature change 1960–2000: A combined attribution analysis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1228, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016377.10.1029/2002GL016377)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jones, S. C., and Coauthors, 2003b: The extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Forecast challenges, current understanding, and future directions. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 1052–1092, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1052:TETOTC>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Jones, S. C., and Coauthors, 2003b: The extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Forecast challenges, current understanding, and future directions. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 1052–1092, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1052:TETOTC>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1052:TETOTC>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Joung, C. H., and M. H. Hitchman, 1982: On the role of successive downstream development in East Asian polar air outbreaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1224–1237, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1224:OTROSD>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Joung, C. H., and M. H. Hitchman, 1982: On the role of successive downstream development in East Asian polar air outbreaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1224–1237, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1224:OTROSD>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1224:OTROSD>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kaspi, Y., and T. Schneider, 2011: Downstream self-destruction of strom tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2459–2464, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-10-05002.1.

    • Crossref
    • Kaspi, Y., and T. Schneider, 2011: Downstream self-destruction of strom tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2459–2464, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-10-05002.1.10.1175/JAS-D-10-05002.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kaspi, Y., and T. Schneider, 2013: The role of stationary eddies in shaping midlatitude storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2596–2613, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-082.1.

    • Crossref
    • Kaspi, Y., and T. Schneider, 2013: The role of stationary eddies in shaping midlatitude storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2596–2613, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-082.1.10.1175/JAS-D-12-082.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Keller, J. H., S. C. Jones, J. L. Evans, and P. A. Harr, 2011: Characteristics of the TIGGE multimodel ensemble prediction system in representing forecast variability associated with extratropical transition. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L12802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047275.

    • Crossref
    • Keller, J. H., S. C. Jones, J. L. Evans, and P. A. Harr, 2011: Characteristics of the TIGGE multimodel ensemble prediction system in representing forecast variability associated with extratropical transition. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L12802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047275.10.1029/2011GL047275)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Keller, J. H., S. C. Jones, and P. A. Harr, 2014: An eddy kinetic energy view of physical and dynamical processes in distinct forecast scenarios for the extratropical transition of two tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2751–2771, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00219.1.

    • Crossref
    • Keller, J. H., S. C. Jones, and P. A. Harr, 2014: An eddy kinetic energy view of physical and dynamical processes in distinct forecast scenarios for the extratropical transition of two tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2751–2771, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00219.1.10.1175/MWR-D-13-00219.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kew, S. F., M. Sprenger, and H. C. Davies, 2010: Potential vorticity anomalies of the lowermost stratosphere: A 10-yr winter climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1234–1249, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR3193.1.

    • Crossref
    • Kew, S. F., M. Sprenger, and H. C. Davies, 2010: Potential vorticity anomalies of the lowermost stratosphere: A 10-yr winter climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1234–1249, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR3193.1.10.1175/2009MWR3193.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Keyser, D., and R. Rotunno, 1990: On the formation of potential-vorticity anomalies in upper-level jet-front systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1914–1921, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1914:OTFOPV>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Keyser, D., and R. Rotunno, 1990: On the formation of potential-vorticity anomalies in upper-level jet-front systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1914–1921, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1914:OTFOPV>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1914:OTFOPV>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kidston, J., A. A. Scaife, S. C. Hardiman, D. M. Mitchell, N. Butchart, M. P. Baldwin, and L. J. Gray, 2015: Stratospheric influence on the tropospheric jet streams, storm tracks and surface weather. Nat. Geosci., 8, 433–440, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2424.

    • Crossref
    • Kidston, J., A. A. Scaife, S. C. Hardiman, D. M. Mitchell, N. Butchart, M. P. Baldwin, and L. J. Gray, 2015: Stratospheric influence on the tropospheric jet streams, storm tracks and surface weather. Nat. Geosci., 8, 433–440, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2424.10.1038/ngeo2424)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kleinschmidt, E., 1950: Über Aufbau und Entstehung von Zyklonen II. Meteor. Rundsch., 3, 84–61.

      Kleinschmidt, E., 1950: Über Aufbau und Entstehung von Zyklonen II. Meteor. Rundsch., 3, 84–61.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Krishnamurti, T. N., J. Molinari, H. Pan, and V. Wong, 1977: Downstream amplification and formation of monsoon disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1281–1297, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1281:DAAFOM>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Krishnamurti, T. N., J. Molinari, H. Pan, and V. Wong, 1977: Downstream amplification and formation of monsoon disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1281–1297, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1281:DAAFOM>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1281:DAAFOM>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Krishnamurti, Y., T. S. V. Vijaya Kumar, K. Rajendran, and A. Hopkins, 2003: Antecedents of the flooding over south-eastern England during October 2000. Weather, 58, 367–370, https://doi.org/10.1256/wea.230.02.

    • Crossref
    • Krishnamurti, Y., T. S. V. Vijaya Kumar, K. Rajendran, and A. Hopkins, 2003: Antecedents of the flooding over south-eastern England during October 2000. Weather, 58, 367–370, https://doi.org/10.1256/wea.230.02.10.1256/wea.230.02)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Langland, R. H., M. A. Shapiro, and R. Gelaro, 2002: Initial condition sensitivity and error growth in forecasts of the 25 January 2000 East Coast snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 957–974, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0957:ICSAEG>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Langland, R. H., M. A. Shapiro, and R. Gelaro, 2002: Initial condition sensitivity and error growth in forecasts of the 25 January 2000 East Coast snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 957–974, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0957:ICSAEG>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0957:ICSAEG>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lapeyre, G., and I. M. Held, 2004: The role of moisture in the dynamics and energetics of turbulent baroclinic eddies. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1693–1710, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1693:TROMIT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Lapeyre, G., and I. M. Held, 2004: The role of moisture in the dynamics and energetics of turbulent baroclinic eddies. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1693–1710, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1693:TROMIT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1693:TROMIT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lee, S., 1995: Localized storm tracks in the absence of local instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 977–989, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<0977:LSTITA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Lee, S., 1995: Localized storm tracks in the absence of local instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 977–989, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<0977:LSTITA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<0977:LSTITA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lee, S., and I. M. Held, 1993: Baroclinic wave packets in models and observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1413–1428, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1413:BWPIMA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Lee, S., and I. M. Held, 1993: Baroclinic wave packets in models and observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1413–1428, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1413:BWPIMA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1413:BWPIMA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lee, S., and S. Feldstein, 1996: Two types of wave breaking in an aquaplanet GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 842–857, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0842:TTOWBI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Lee, S., and S. Feldstein, 1996: Two types of wave breaking in an aquaplanet GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 842–857, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0842:TTOWBI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0842:TTOWBI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lee, S., and H.-K. Kim, 2003: The dynamic relationship between subtropical and eddy-driven jets. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1490–1503, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1490:TDRBSA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Lee, S., and H.-K. Kim, 2003: The dynamic relationship between subtropical and eddy-driven jets. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1490–1503, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1490:TDRBSA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1490:TDRBSA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Li, X., E. P. Gerber, D. M. Holland, and C. Yoo, 2015: A Rossby wave bridge from the tropical Atlantic to West Antarctica. J. Climate, 28, 2256–2273, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00450.1.

    • Crossref
    • Li, X., E. P. Gerber, D. M. Holland, and C. Yoo, 2015: A Rossby wave bridge from the tropical Atlantic to West Antarctica. J. Climate, 28, 2256–2273, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00450.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00450.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lighthill, M. J., 1967: Waves in fluids. Commun. Pure Appl. Math., 20, 267–293, https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160200204.

    • Crossref
    • Lighthill, M. J., 1967: Waves in fluids. Commun. Pure Appl. Math., 20, 267–293, https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160200204.10.1002/cpa.3160200204)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lim, G. H., and J. M. Wallace, 1991: Structure and evolution of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1718–1732, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1718:SAEOBW>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Lim, G. H., and J. M. Wallace, 1991: Structure and evolution of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1718–1732, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1718:SAEOBW>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1718:SAEOBW>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lorenz, D. J., and D. L. Hartmann, 2003: Eddy–zonal flow feedback in the Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Climate, 16, 1212–1227, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1212:EFFITN>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Lorenz, D. J., and D. L. Hartmann, 2003: Eddy–zonal flow feedback in the Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Climate, 16, 1212–1227, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1212:EFFITN>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1212:EFFITN>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lorenz, E. N., 1972: Barotropic instability of Rossby wave motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 258–265, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0258:BIORWM>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Lorenz, E. N., 1972: Barotropic instability of Rossby wave motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 258–265, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0258:BIORWM>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0258:BIORWM>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lu, J., G. Chen, and D. M. W. Frierson, 2010: The position of the midlatitude storm track and eddy-driven westerlies in aquaplanet AGCMs. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3984–4000, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3477.1.

    • Crossref
    • Lu, J., G. Chen, and D. M. W. Frierson, 2010: The position of the midlatitude storm track and eddy-driven westerlies in aquaplanet AGCMs. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3984–4000, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3477.1.10.1175/2010JAS3477.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Madonna, E., S. Limbach, C. Aebi, H. Joos, H. Wernli, and O. Martius, 2014a: On the co-occurrence of warm conveyor belt outflows and PV streamers. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3668–3673, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0119.1.

    • Crossref
    • Madonna, E., S. Limbach, C. Aebi, H. Joos, H. Wernli, and O. Martius, 2014a: On the co-occurrence of warm conveyor belt outflows and PV streamers. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3668–3673, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0119.1.10.1175/JAS-D-14-0119.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Madonna, E., H. Wernli, H. Joos, and O. Martius, 2014b: Warm conveyor belts in the ERA-Interim dataset (1979–2010). Part I: Climatology and potential vorticity evolution. J. Climate, 27, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00720.1.

    • Crossref
    • Madonna, E., H. Wernli, H. Joos, and O. Martius, 2014b: Warm conveyor belts in the ERA-Interim dataset (1979–2010). Part I: Climatology and potential vorticity evolution. J. Climate, 27, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00720.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00720.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Madonna, E., M. Boettcher, C. M. Grams, H. Joos, O. Martius, and H. Wernli, 2015: Verification of North Atlantic warm conveyor belt outflows in ECMWF forecasts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1333–1344, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2442.

    • Crossref
    • Madonna, E., M. Boettcher, C. M. Grams, H. Joos, O. Martius, and H. Wernli, 2015: Verification of North Atlantic warm conveyor belt outflows in ECMWF forecasts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1333–1344, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2442.10.1002/qj.2442)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Majumdar, S. J., K. J. Sellwood, D. Hodyss, Z. Toth, and Y. Song, 2010: Characteristics of target areas selected by the ensemble transform Kalman filter for medium-range forecasts of high-impact winter weather. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2803–2824, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3106.1.

    • Crossref
    • Majumdar, S. J., K. J. Sellwood, D. Hodyss, Z. Toth, and Y. Song, 2010: Characteristics of target areas selected by the ensemble transform Kalman filter for medium-range forecasts of high-impact winter weather. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2803–2824, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3106.1.10.1175/2010MWR3106.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Manola, I., F. Selten, H. de Vries, and W. Hazeleger, 2013: “Waveguidability” of idealized jets. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 10 432–10 440, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50758.

    • Crossref
    • Manola, I., F. Selten, H. de Vries, and W. Hazeleger, 2013: “Waveguidability” of idealized jets. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 10 432–10 440, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50758.10.1002/jgrd.50758)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marengo, J. A., T. Ambrizzi, G. Kiladis, and B. Liebmann, 2002: Upper-air wave trains over the Pacific Ocean and wintertime cold surges in tropical-subtropical South America leading to freezes in southern and southeastern Brazil. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 73, 223–242, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-001-0669-x.

    • Crossref
    • Marengo, J. A., T. Ambrizzi, G. Kiladis, and B. Liebmann, 2002: Upper-air wave trains over the Pacific Ocean and wintertime cold surges in tropical-subtropical South America leading to freezes in southern and southeastern Brazil. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 73, 223–242, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-001-0669-x.10.1007/s00704-001-0669-x)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martínez-Alvarado, O., E. Madonna, S. Gray, and H. Joos, 2016: A route to systematic error in forecasts of Rossby waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 196–210, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2645.

    • Crossref
    • Martínez-Alvarado, O., E. Madonna, S. Gray, and H. Joos, 2016: A route to systematic error in forecasts of Rossby waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 196–210, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2645.10.1002/qj.2645)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martius, O., C. Schwierz, and H. C. Davies, 2006: A refined Hovmöller diagram. Tellus, 58A, 221–226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00172.x.

    • Crossref
    • Martius, O., C. Schwierz, and H. C. Davies, 2006: A refined Hovmöller diagram. Tellus, 58A, 221–226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00172.x.10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00172.x)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martius, O., C. Schwierz, and H. C. Davies, 2008: Far-upstream precursors of heavy precipitation events on the Alpine south-side. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 417–428, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.229.

    • Crossref
    • Martius, O., C. Schwierz, and H. C. Davies, 2008: Far-upstream precursors of heavy precipitation events on the Alpine south-side. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 417–428, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.229.10.1002/qj.229)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martius, O., C. Schwierz, and H. C. Davies, 2010: Tropopause-level waveguides. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 866–879, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS2995.1.

    • Crossref
    • Martius, O., C. Schwierz, and H. C. Davies, 2010: Tropopause-level waveguides. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 866–879, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS2995.1.10.1175/2009JAS2995.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Masato, G., B. J. Hoskins, and T. J. Woolings, 2012: Wave-breaking characteristics of midlatitude blocking. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 1285–1296, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.990.

    • Crossref
    • Masato, G., B. J. Hoskins, and T. J. Woolings, 2012: Wave-breaking characteristics of midlatitude blocking. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 1285–1296, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.990.10.1002/qj.990)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Massacand, A. C., H. Wernli, and H. C. Davies, 1998: Heavy precipitation on the Alpine southside: An upper-level precursor. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1435–1438, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL50869.

    • Crossref
    • Massacand, A. C., H. Wernli, and H. C. Davies, 1998: Heavy precipitation on the Alpine southside: An upper-level precursor. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1435–1438, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL50869.10.1029/98GL50869)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Massacand, A. C., H. Wernli, and H. C. Davies, 2001: Influence of upstream diabatic heating upon an alpine event of heavy precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2822–2828, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2822:IOUDHU>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Massacand, A. C., H. Wernli, and H. C. Davies, 2001: Influence of upstream diabatic heating upon an alpine event of heavy precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2822–2828, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2822:IOUDHU>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2822:IOUDHU>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McIntyre, M. E., and T. N. Palmer, 1984: The ‘surf zone’ in the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 825–849, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(84)90063-1.

    • Crossref
    • McIntyre, M. E., and T. N. Palmer, 1984: The ‘surf zone’ in the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 825–849, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(84)90063-1.10.1016/0021-9169(84)90063-1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Merkine, L.-O., 1977: Convective and absolute instability of baroclinic eddies. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 9, 129–157, https://doi.org/10.1080/03091927708242322.

    • Crossref
    • Merkine, L.-O., 1977: Convective and absolute instability of baroclinic eddies. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 9, 129–157, https://doi.org/10.1080/03091927708242322.10.1080/03091927708242322)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Methven, J., 2013: Wave activity for large-amplitude disturbances described by the primitive equations on the sphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1616–1630, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0228.1.

    • Crossref
    • Methven, J., 2013: Wave activity for large-amplitude disturbances described by the primitive equations on the sphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1616–1630, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0228.1.10.1175/JAS-D-12-0228.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Methven, J., and P. Berrisford, 2015: The slowly evolving background state of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2237–2258, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2518.

    • Crossref
    • Methven, J., and P. Berrisford, 2015: The slowly evolving background state of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2237–2258, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2518.10.1002/qj.2518)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Milrad, S. M., J. R. Gyakum, and E. H. Atallah, 2015: A meteorological analysis of the 2013 Alberta flood: Antecedent large-scale flow pattern and synoptic-dynamic characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 2817–2841, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00236.1.

    • Crossref
    • Milrad, S. M., J. R. Gyakum, and E. H. Atallah, 2015: A meteorological analysis of the 2013 Alberta flood: Antecedent large-scale flow pattern and synoptic-dynamic characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 2817–2841, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00236.1.10.1175/MWR-D-14-00236.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nakamura, N., and A. Solomon, 2010: Finite-amplitude wave activity and mean flow adjustments in the atmospheric general circulation. Part I: Quasigeostrophic theory and analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3967–3983, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3503.1.

    • Crossref
    • Nakamura, N., and A. Solomon, 2010: Finite-amplitude wave activity and mean flow adjustments in the atmospheric general circulation. Part I: Quasigeostrophic theory and analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3967–3983, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3503.1.10.1175/2010JAS3503.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nakamura, N., and A. Solomon, 2011: Finite-amplitude wave activity and mean flow adjustments in the atmospheric general circulation. Part II: Analysis in the isentropic coordinate. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2783–2799, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JAS3685.1.

    • Crossref
    • Nakamura, N., and A. Solomon, 2011: Finite-amplitude wave activity and mean flow adjustments in the atmospheric general circulation. Part II: Analysis in the isentropic coordinate. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2783–2799, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JAS3685.1.10.1175/2011JAS3685.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nakamura, N., and C. S. Y. Huang, 2017: Local wave activity and the onset of blocking along a potential vorticity front. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 2341–2362, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0029.1.

    • Crossref
    • Nakamura, N., and C. S. Y. Huang, 2017: Local wave activity and the onset of blocking along a potential vorticity front. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 2341–2362, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0029.1.10.1175/JAS-D-17-0029.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Namias, J., and P. F. Clapp, 1944: Studies of the motion and development of long waves in the westerlies. J. Meteor., 1, 57–77, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1944)001<0057:SOTMAD>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Namias, J., and P. F. Clapp, 1944: Studies of the motion and development of long waves in the westerlies. J. Meteor., 1, 57–77, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1944)001<0057:SOTMAD>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1944)001<0057:SOTMAD>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Newman, M., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 1998: The impact of the annual cycle on the North Pacific/North American response to remote low-frequency forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1336–1353, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<1336:TIOTAC>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Newman, M., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 1998: The impact of the annual cycle on the North Pacific/North American response to remote low-frequency forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1336–1353, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<1336:TIOTAC>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<1336:TIOTAC>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., and R. J. Lefevre, 1996: Piecewise tendency diagnosis of dynamical processes governing the development of an upper-tropospheric mobile trough. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3120–3142, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<3120:PTDODP>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., and R. J. Lefevre, 1996: Piecewise tendency diagnosis of dynamical processes governing the development of an upper-tropospheric mobile trough. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3120–3142, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<3120:PTDODP>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<3120:PTDODP>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Novak, L., M. H. P. Ambaum, and R. Tailleux, 2015: The life cycle of the North Atlantic storm track. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 821–833, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0082.1.

    • Crossref
    • Novak, L., M. H. P. Ambaum, and R. Tailleux, 2015: The life cycle of the North Atlantic storm track. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 821–833, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0082.1.10.1175/JAS-D-14-0082.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • O’Kane, T. J., J. S. Risbey, D. P. Monselesan, I. Horenko, and C. L. E. Franzke, 2016: On the dynamics of persistent states and their secular trends in the waveguides of the Southern Hemisphere troposphere. Climate Dyn., 46, 3567–3597, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2786-8.

    • Crossref
    • O’Kane, T. J., J. S. Risbey, D. P. Monselesan, I. Horenko, and C. L. E. Franzke, 2016: On the dynamics of persistent states and their secular trends in the waveguides of the Southern Hemisphere troposphere. Climate Dyn., 46, 3567–3597, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2786-8.10.1007/s00382-015-2786-8)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Orlanski, I., and J. Katzfey, 1991: The life cycle of a cyclone wave in the Southern Hemisphere. Part I: Eddy energy budget. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1972–1998, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1972:TLCOAC>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Orlanski, I., and J. Katzfey, 1991: The life cycle of a cyclone wave in the Southern Hemisphere. Part I: Eddy energy budget. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1972–1998, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1972:TLCOAC>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1972:TLCOAC>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Orlanski, I., and E. K. M. Chang, 1993: Ageostrophic geopotential fluxes in downstream and upstream development of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 212–225, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0212:AGFIDA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Orlanski, I., and E. K. M. Chang, 1993: Ageostrophic geopotential fluxes in downstream and upstream development of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 212–225, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0212:AGFIDA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0212:AGFIDA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Orlanski, I., and J. P. Sheldon, 1993: A case of downstream baroclinic development over western North America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2929–2950, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2929:ACODBD>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Orlanski, I., and J. P. Sheldon, 1993: A case of downstream baroclinic development over western North America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2929–2950, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2929:ACODBD>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2929:ACODBD>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Orlanski, I., and J. P. Sheldon, 1995: Stages in the energetics of baroclinic systems. Tellus, 47A, 605–628, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v47i5.11553.

    • Crossref
    • Orlanski, I., and J. P. Sheldon, 1995: Stages in the energetics of baroclinic systems. Tellus, 47A, 605–628, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v47i5.11553.10.3402/tellusa.v47i5.11553)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pantillon, F., J. Chaboureau, C. Lac, and P. Mascart, 2013a: On the role of a Rossby wave train during the extratropical transition of Hurricane Helene (2006). Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 370–386, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1974.

    • Crossref
    • Pantillon, F., J. Chaboureau, C. Lac, and P. Mascart, 2013a: On the role of a Rossby wave train during the extratropical transition of Hurricane Helene (2006). Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 370–386, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1974.10.1002/qj.1974)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pantillon, F., J. Chaboureau, P. Mascart, and C. Lac, 2013b: Predictability of a Mediterranean tropical-like storm downstream of the extratropical transition of Hurricane Helene (2006). Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 1943–1962, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00164.1.

    • Crossref
    • Pantillon, F., J. Chaboureau, P. Mascart, and C. Lac, 2013b: Predictability of a Mediterranean tropical-like storm downstream of the extratropical transition of Hurricane Helene (2006). Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 1943–1962, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00164.1.10.1175/MWR-D-12-00164.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pantillon, F., J. Chaboureau, and E. Richard, 2015: Remote impact of North Atlantic hurricanes on the Mediterranean during episodes of intense rainfall in autumn 2012. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 967–978, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2419.

    • Crossref
    • Pantillon, F., J. Chaboureau, and E. Richard, 2015: Remote impact of North Atlantic hurricanes on the Mediterranean during episodes of intense rainfall in autumn 2012. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 967–978, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2419.10.1002/qj.2419)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Parker, T. J., G. J. Berry, and M. J. Reeder, 2014: The structure and evolution of heat waves in southeastern Australia. J. Climate, 27, 5768–5785, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00740.1.

    • Crossref
    • Parker, T. J., G. J. Berry, and M. J. Reeder, 2014: The structure and evolution of heat waves in southeastern Australia. J. Climate, 27, 5768–5785, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00740.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00740.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Parsons, D., and Coauthors, 2017: THORPEX research and the science of prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 807–830, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00025.1.

    • Crossref
    • Parsons, D., and Coauthors, 2017: THORPEX research and the science of prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 807–830, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00025.1.10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00025.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Persson, A., 2017: The story of the Hovmöller diagram—An (almost) eyewitness account. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 949–957, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00234.1.

    • Crossref
    • Persson, A., 2017: The story of the Hovmöller diagram—An (almost) eyewitness account. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 949–957, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00234.1.10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00234.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pfeffer, R. L., 1981: Wave–mean flow interactions in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1340–1359, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1340:WMFIIT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Pfeffer, R. L., 1981: Wave–mean flow interactions in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1340–1359, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1340:WMFIIT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1340:WMFIIT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Piaget, N., P. Froidevaux, P. Giannakaki, F. Gierth, O. Martius, M. Riemer, G. Wolf, and C. M. Grams, 2015: Dynamics of a local alpine flooding event in October 2011: Moisture source and large-scale circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1922–1937, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2496.

    • Crossref
    • Piaget, N., P. Froidevaux, P. Giannakaki, F. Gierth, O. Martius, M. Riemer, G. Wolf, and C. M. Grams, 2015: Dynamics of a local alpine flooding event in October 2011: Moisture source and large-scale circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1922–1937, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2496.10.1002/qj.2496)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Platzman, G. W., 1949: The motion of barotropic disturbances in the upper troposphere. Tellus, 1, 53–64, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1949.tb01266.x.

    • Crossref
    • Platzman, G. W., 1949: The motion of barotropic disturbances in the upper troposphere. Tellus, 1, 53–64, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1949.tb01266.x.10.1111/j.2153-3490.1949.tb01266.x)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Platzman, G. W., 1968: The Rossby wave. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 225–248, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709440102.

    • Crossref
    • Platzman, G. W., 1968: The Rossby wave. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 225–248, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709440102.10.1002/qj.49709440102)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Plumb, R. A., 1986: Three-dimensional propagation of transient quasi-geostrophic eddies and its relationship with the eddy forcing of the time-mean flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1657–1678, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1657:TDPOTQ>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Plumb, R. A., 1986: Three-dimensional propagation of transient quasi-geostrophic eddies and its relationship with the eddy forcing of the time-mean flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1657–1678, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1657:TDPOTQ>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1657:TDPOTQ>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pomroy, H. R., and A. J. Thorpe, 2000: The evolution and dynamical role of reduced upper-tropospheric potential vorticity in intensive observing period one of FASTEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1817–1834, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1817:TEADRO>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Pomroy, H. R., and A. J. Thorpe, 2000: The evolution and dynamical role of reduced upper-tropospheric potential vorticity in intensive observing period one of FASTEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1817–1834, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1817:TEADRO>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1817:TEADRO>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pyle, M. E., D. Keyser, and L. F. Bosart, 2004: A diagnostic study of jet streaks: Kinematic signatures and relationship to coherent tropopause disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 297–319, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0297:ADSOJS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Pyle, M. E., D. Keyser, and L. F. Bosart, 2004: A diagnostic study of jet streaks: Kinematic signatures and relationship to coherent tropopause disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 297–319, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0297:ADSOJS>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0297:ADSOJS>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Quinting, J. F., and S. C. Jones, 2016: On the impact of tropical cyclones on Rossby wave packets: A climatological perspective. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 2021–2048, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00298.1.

    • Crossref
    • Quinting, J. F., and S. C. Jones, 2016: On the impact of tropical cyclones on Rossby wave packets: A climatological perspective. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 2021–2048, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00298.1.10.1175/MWR-D-14-00298.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Randel, W. J., and J. L. Stanford, 1985: An observational study of medium-scale wave dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere summer. Part I: Wave structure and energetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1172–1188, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1172:AOSOMS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Randel, W. J., and J. L. Stanford, 1985: An observational study of medium-scale wave dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere summer. Part I: Wave structure and energetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1172–1188, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1172:AOSOMS>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1172:AOSOMS>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reed, R. J., M. T. Stoelinga, and Y.-H. Kuo, 1992: A model-aided study of the origin and evolution of the anomalously high potential vorticity in the inner region of a rapidly deepening marine cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 893–913, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<0893:AMASOT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Reed, R. J., M. T. Stoelinga, and Y.-H. Kuo, 1992: A model-aided study of the origin and evolution of the anomalously high potential vorticity in the inner region of a rapidly deepening marine cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 893–913, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<0893:AMASOT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<0893:AMASOT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reynolds, C. A., M. S. Peng, and J.-H. Chen, 2009: Recurving tropical cyclones: Singular vector sensitivity and impacts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1320–1337, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2652.1.

    • Crossref
    • Reynolds, C. A., M. S. Peng, and J.-H. Chen, 2009: Recurving tropical cyclones: Singular vector sensitivity and impacts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1320–1337, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2652.1.10.1175/2008MWR2652.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rhines, P. B., 2002: Rossby waves. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, J. Holton and J. Curry, Eds., Elsevier, 1923–1939.

    • Crossref
    • Rhines, P. B., 2002: Rossby waves. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, J. Holton and J. Curry, Eds., Elsevier, 1923–1939.10.1016/B0-12-227090-8/00346-8)| false
    • Export Citation
  • Riemer, M., and S. C. Jones, 2010: The downstream impact of tropical cyclones on a developing baroclinic wave in idealized scenarios of extratropical transition. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 617–637, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.605.

      Riemer, M., and S. C. Jones, 2010: The downstream impact of tropical cyclones on a developing baroclinic wave in idealized scenarios of extratropical transition. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 617–637, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.605.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Riemer, M., and S. C. Jones, 2014: Interaction of a tropical cyclone with a high-amplitude, midlatitude wave pattern: Waviness analysis, trough deformation and track bifurcation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 1362–1376, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2221.

    • Crossref
    • Riemer, M., and S. C. Jones, 2014: Interaction of a tropical cyclone with a high-amplitude, midlatitude wave pattern: Waviness analysis, trough deformation and track bifurcation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 1362–1376, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2221.10.1002/qj.2221)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Riemer, M., S. C. Jones, and C. A. Davis, 2008: The impact of extratropical transition on the flow: An idealized modelling study with a straight jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 69–91, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.189.

    • Crossref
    • Riemer, M., S. C. Jones, and C. A. Davis, 2008: The impact of extratropical transition on the flow: An idealized modelling study with a straight jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 69–91, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.189.10.1002/qj.189)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Riemer, M., M. Baumgart, and S. Eiermann, 2014: Cyclogenesis downstream of extratropical transition analyzed by Q-vector partitioning based on flow geometry. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4204–4220, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0023.1.

    • Crossref
    • Riemer, M., M. Baumgart, and S. Eiermann, 2014: Cyclogenesis downstream of extratropical transition analyzed by Q-vector partitioning based on flow geometry. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4204–4220, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0023.1.10.1175/JAS-D-14-0023.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ritchie, E. A., and R. L. Elsberry, 2007: Simulations of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Phasing between the upper-level trough and tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 862–876, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3303.1.

    • Crossref
    • Ritchie, E. A., and R. L. Elsberry, 2007: Simulations of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Phasing between the upper-level trough and tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 862–876, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3303.1.10.1175/MWR3303.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rivière, G., P. Arbogast, and A. Joly, 2015: Eddy kinetic energy redistribution within windstorms Klaus and Friedhelm. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 925–938, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2412.

    • Crossref
    • Rivière, G., P. Arbogast, and A. Joly, 2015: Eddy kinetic energy redistribution within windstorms Klaus and Friedhelm. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 925–938, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2412.10.1002/qj.2412)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Robinson, W. A., 2006: On the self-maintenance of midlatitude jets. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2109–2122, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3732.1.

    • Crossref
    • Robinson, W. A., 2006: On the self-maintenance of midlatitude jets. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2109–2122, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3732.1.10.1175/JAS3732.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rodwell, M. J., and Coauthors, 2013: Characteristics of occasional poor medium-range weather forecasts for Europe. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1393–1405, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00099.1.

    • Crossref
    • Rodwell, M. J., and Coauthors, 2013: Characteristics of occasional poor medium-range weather forecasts for Europe. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1393–1405, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00099.1.10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00099.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Roebber, P. J., D. M. Schultz, and R. Romero, 2002: Synoptic regulation of the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 399–429, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0399:SROTMT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Roebber, P. J., D. M. Schultz, and R. Romero, 2002: Synoptic regulation of the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 399–429, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0399:SROTMT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0399:SROTMT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rossby, C.-G., 1940: Planetary flow patterns in the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 66, 68–87.

      Rossby, C.-G., 1940: Planetary flow patterns in the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 66, 68–87.)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rossby, C.-G., 1945: On the propagation of frequencies and energy in certain types of oceanic and atmospheric waves. J. Meteor., 2, 187–204, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1945)002<0187:OTPOFA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Rossby, C.-G., 1945: On the propagation of frequencies and energy in certain types of oceanic and atmospheric waves. J. Meteor., 2, 187–204, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1945)002<0187:OTPOFA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1945)002<0187:OTPOFA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rossby, C.-G., and Coauthors, 1939: Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacements of the semi-permanent centers of action. J. Mar. Res., 2, 38–55, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224039806649023.

    • Crossref
    • Rossby, C.-G., and Coauthors, 1939: Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacements of the semi-permanent centers of action. J. Mar. Res., 2, 38–55, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224039806649023.10.1357/002224039806649023)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Röthlisberger, M., O. Martius, and H. Wernli, 2016: An algorithm for identifying the initiation of synoptic-scale Rossby waves on PV waveguides. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 889–900, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2690.

    • Crossref
    • Röthlisberger, M., O. Martius, and H. Wernli, 2016: An algorithm for identifying the initiation of synoptic-scale Rossby waves on PV waveguides. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 889–900, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2690.10.1002/qj.2690)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rotunno, R., W. C. Skamarock, and C. Snyder, 1994: An analysis of frontogenesis in numerical simulations of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3373–3398, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<3373:AAOFIN>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Rotunno, R., W. C. Skamarock, and C. Snyder, 1994: An analysis of frontogenesis in numerical simulations of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3373–3398, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<3373:AAOFIN>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<3373:AAOFIN>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanders, F., 1986: Explosive cyclogenesis in the west-central north Atlantic Ocean, 1981–84. Part I: Composite structure and mean behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1781–1794, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1781:ECITWC>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Sanders, F., 1986: Explosive cyclogenesis in the west-central north Atlantic Ocean, 1981–84. Part I: Composite structure and mean behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1781–1794, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1781:ECITWC>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1781:ECITWC>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanders, F., 1988: Life history of mobile troughs in the upper westerlies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2629–2648, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<2629:LHOMTI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Sanders, F., 1988: Life history of mobile troughs in the upper westerlies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2629–2648, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<2629:LHOMTI>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<2629:LHOMTI>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanders, F., and J. R. Gyakum, 1980: Synoptic-dynamic climatology of the “bomb.” Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1589–1606, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1589:SDCOT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Sanders, F., and J. R. Gyakum, 1980: Synoptic-dynamic climatology of the “bomb.” Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1589–1606, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1589:SDCOT>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1589:SDCOT>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Scheck, L., S. C. Jones, and M. Juckes, 2011a: The resonant interaction of a tropical cyclone and a tropopause front in a barotropic model. Part I: Zonally oriented front. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 405–419, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3482.1.

    • Crossref
    • Scheck, L., S. C. Jones, and M. Juckes, 2011a: The resonant interaction of a tropical cyclone and a tropopause front in a barotropic model. Part I: Zonally oriented front. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 405–419, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3482.1.10.1175/2010JAS3482.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Scheck, L., S. C. Jones, and M. Juckes, 2011b: The resonant interaction of a tropical cyclone and a tropopause front in a barotropic model. Part II: Frontal waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 420–429, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3483.1.

    • Crossref
    • Scheck, L., S. C. Jones, and M. Juckes, 2011b: The resonant interaction of a tropical cyclone and a tropopause front in a barotropic model. Part II: Frontal waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 420–429, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3483.1.10.1175/2010JAS3483.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schneider, T., I. M. Held, and S. T. Garner, 2003: Boundary effects in potential vorticity dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1024–1040, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1024:BEIPVD>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Schneider, T., I. M. Held, and S. T. Garner, 2003: Boundary effects in potential vorticity dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1024–1040, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1024:BEIPVD>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1024:BEIPVD>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schneidereit, A., and Coauthors, 2017: Enhanced tropospheric wave forcing of two anticyclones in the prephase of the January 2009 major stratospheric sudden warming event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 1797–1815, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0242.1.

    • Crossref
    • Schneidereit, A., and Coauthors, 2017: Enhanced tropospheric wave forcing of two anticyclones in the prephase of the January 2009 major stratospheric sudden warming event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 1797–1815, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0242.1.10.1175/MWR-D-16-0242.1)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schwierz, C., M. Croci-Maspoli, and H. C. Davies, 2004a: Perspicacious indicators of atmospheric blocking. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019341.

    • Crossref
    • Schwierz, C., M. Croci-Maspoli, and H. C. Davies, 2004a: Perspicacious indicators of atmospheric blocking. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019341.10.1029/2003GL019341)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schwierz, C., S. Dirren, and H. C. Davies, 2004b: Forced waves on a zonally aligned jet stream. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 73–87, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0073:FWOAZA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Crossref
    • Schwierz, C., S. Dirren, and H. C. Davies, 2004b: Forced waves on a zonally aligned jet stream. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 73–87, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0073:FWOAZA>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0073:FWOAZA>2.0.CO;2)| false
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sellwood, K. J., S. J. Majumdar, B. E. Mapes, and I. Szunyogh, 2008: Predicting the influence of observations on medium-range forecasts of atmospheric flow. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 2011–2027, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.341