-
Ambar, I., N. Serra, F. Neves, and T. Ferreira, 2008: Observations of the Mediterranean Undercurrent and eddies in the Gulf of Cadiz during 2001. J. Mar. Syst., 71, 195–220.
-
Armi, L., D. Hebert, N. Oakey, J. F. Price, P. L. Richardson, H. T. Rossby, and B. Ruddick, 1989: Two years in the life of a Mediterranean salt lens. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 354–370.
-
Auad, G., D. Roemmich, and J. Gilson, 2011: The California Current System in relation to the northeast Pacific Ocean circulation. Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 576–592.
-
Battisti, D. S., and B. M. Hickey, 1984: Application of remote wind-forced coastal trapped wave theory to the Oregon and Washington coasts. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 887–903.
-
Bower, A. S., L. Armi, and I. Ambar, 1997: Lagrangian observations of Meddy formation during a Mediterranean Undercurrent seeding experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2545–2575.
-
Bower, A. S., R. M. Hendry, D. E. Amrhein, and J. M. Lilly, 2012: Direct observations of formation and propagation of subpolar eddies into the subtropical North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II.
-
Bracewell, R. N., 1978: The Fourier Transform and its Applications. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 444 pp.
-
Bretherton, F., R. Davis, and C. Fandry, 1976: A technique for objective analysis and design of oceanographic experiments applied to MODE-73. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 559–582.
-
Capet, X., J. C. McWilliams, M. J. Molemaker, and A. F. Shchepetkin, 2008: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California Current System. Part I: Flow structure, eddy flux, and observational tests. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 29–43.
-
Carpenter, J. R., and M.-L. Timmermans, 2012: Deep mesoscale eddies in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20602, doi:10.1029/2012GL053025.
-
Carton, X., L. Chérubin, J. Paillet, Y. Morel, A. Serpette, and B. Le Cann, 2002: Meddy coupling with a deep cyclone in the Gulf of Cadiz. J. Mar. Syst., 32, 13–42.
-
Castro, C. G., F. P. Chavez, and C. A. Collins, 2001: Role of the California Undercurrent in the export of denitrified waters from the eastern tropical North Pacific. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 819–830.
-
Checkley, D. M., Jr., and J. A. Barth, 2009: Patterns and processes in the California Current System. Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 49–64.
-
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, and R. M. Samelson, 2011: Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies. Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 167–216.
-
Chereskin, T. K., M. Y. Morris, P. P. Niiler, P. M. Kosro, R. L. Smith, S. R. Ramp, C. A. Collins, and D. L. Musgrave, 2000: Spatial and temporal characteristics of the mesoscale circulation of the California Current from eddy-resolving moored and shipboard measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (C1), 1245–1269.
-
Colas, F., J. C. McWilliams, X. Capet, and J. Kurian, 2012: Heat balance and eddies in the Peru–Chile current system. Climate Dyn., 39, 509–529.
-
Collins, C. A., N. Garfield, R. G. Paquette, and E. Carter, 1996: Lagrangian measurement of subsurface poleward flow between 38°N and 43°N along the West Coast of the United States during summer, 1993. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2461–2464.
-
Collins, C. A., N. Garfield, T. A. Rago, F. W. Rischmiller, and E. Carter, 2000: Mean structure of the inshore countercurrent and California Undercurrent off Point Sur, California. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47, 765–782.
-
Collins, C. A., L. M. Ivanov, and O. V. Melnichenko, 2003: Seasonal variability of the California Undercurrent: Statistical analysis based on the trajectories of floats with neutral buoyancy. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 135–147.
-
Collins, C. A., L. M. Ivanov, O. V. Melnichenko, and N. Garfield, 2004: California Undercurrent variability and eddy transport estimated from RAFOS float observations. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C05028, doi:10.1029/2003JC002191.
-
Collins, C. A., T. Margolina, T. A. Rago, and L. Ivanov, 2013: Looping RAFOS floats in the California Current System. Deep-Sea Res. II, 85, 42–61.
-
Cornuelle, B. D., T. K. Chereskin, P. P. Niiler, M. Y. Morris, and D. L. Musgrave, 2000: Observations and modeling of a California Undercurrent eddy. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (C1), 1227–1243.
-
Crawford, W. R., P. J. Brickley, T. D. Peterson, and A. C. Thomas, 2005: Impact of Haida eddies on chlorophyll distribution in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Deep-Sea Res. II, 52, 975–989.
-
Crawford, W. R., P. J. Brickley, and A. C. Thomas, 2007: Mesoscale eddies dominate surface phytoplankton in northern Gulf of Alaska. Prog. Oceanogr., 75, 287–303.
-
Daley, R., 1991: Atmospheric Data Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 457 pp.
-
D'Asaro, E. A., 1988a: Observations of small eddies in the Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 93 (C6), 6669–6684.
-
D'Asaro, E. A., 1988b: Generation of submesoscale vortices: A new mechanism. J. Geophys. Res., 93 (C6), 6685–6693.
-
Davis, R. E., M. D. Ohman, D. L. Rudnick, J. T. Sherman, and B. Hodges, 2008: Glider surveillance of physics and biology in the southern California Current System. Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2151–2168.
-
Devroye, L., 1986: Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation. Springer-Verlag, 843 pp.
-
Dewar, W. K., and H. Meng, 1995: The propagation of submesoscale coherent vortices. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1745–1770.
-
Ebbesmeyer, C. C., B. A. Taft, J. C. McWilliams, C. Y. Shen, S. C. Riser, H. T. Rossby, P. E. Biscaye, and H. G. Östlund, 1986: Detection, structure, and origin of extreme anomalies in a western Atlantic oceanographic section. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 591–612.
-
Elliott, B. A., and T. B. Sanford, 1986: The subthermocline lens D1. Part II: Kinematics and dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 549–561.
-
Eriksen, C. C., T. J. Osse, R. D. Light, T. Wen, T. W. Lehman, P. L. Sabin, J. W. Ballard, and A. Chiodi, 2001: Seaglider: A long-range autonomous underwater vehicle for oceanographic research. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 26, 424–436.
-
Flament, P., 2002: A state variable for characterizing water masses and their diffusive stability: Spiciness. Prog. Oceanogr., 54, 493–501.
-
Frajka-Williams, E., C. C. Eriksen, P. B. Rhines, and R. R. Harcourt, 2011: Determining vertical water velocities from Seaglider. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 28, 1641–1656.
-
Freeland, H., 2002: The heat flux across line-P 1996–1999. Atmos.–Ocean, 40, 81–89.
-
Freeland, H., 2007: A short history of Ocean Station Papa and Line P. Prog. Oceanogr., 75, 120–125.
-
Garfield, N., C. A. Collins, R. G. Paquette, and E. Carter, 1999: Lagrangian exploration of the California Undercurrent, 1992–1995. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 560–583.
-
Garfield, N., M. E. Maltrud, C. A. Collins, T. A. Rago, and R. G. Paquette, 2001: Lagrangian flow in the California Undercurrent, an observation and model comparison. J. Mar. Syst., 29, 201–220.
-
Gay, P. S., and T. K. Chereskin, 2009: Mean structure and seasonal variability of the poleward undercurrent off southern California. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C02007, doi:10.1029/2008JC004886.
-
Griffiths, R. W., and P. F. Linden, 1981: The stability of vortices in a rotating, stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 105, 283–316.
-
Hátún, H., C. C. Eriksen, and P. B. Rhines, 2007: Buoyant eddies entering the Labrador Sea observed with gliders and altimetry. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2838–2854.
-
Hebert, D., N. Oakey, and B. Ruddick, 1990: Evolution of a Mediterranean salt lens: Scalar properties. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1468–1483.
-
Hickey, B. M., 1979: The California Current System—Hypotheses and facts. Prog. Oceanogr., 8, 191–279.
-
Hickey, B. M., 1989: Patterns and processes of circulation over the Washington continental shelf and slope. Coastal Oceanography of Washington and Oregon, M. Landry and B. Hickey, Eds., Elsevier, 41–115.
-
Hickey, B. M., 1995: Coastal submarine canyons. Topographic Interactions in the Ocean: Proc. ‘Aha Huliko‘a Hawaiian Winter Workshop, Honolulu, HI, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 95–110.
-
Hickey, B. M., 1998: Coastal oceanography of western North America from the tip of Baja to Vancouver Island. The Sea, A. Robinson and K. Brink, Eds., The Global Coastal Ocean: Regional Studies and Syntheses, Vol. 11, Wiley and Sons, 345–393.
-
Huyer, A., R. L. Smith, and B. M. Hickey, 1984: Observations of a warm-core eddy off Oregon, January to March 1978. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 97–117.
-
Huyer, A., P. M. Kosro, and S. J. Lentz, 1989: Poleward flow in the California Current System. Poleward Flows Along Eastern Ocean Boundaries, S. J. Neshyba, et al., Eds., Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 34, Springer-Verlag, 144–159.
-
Huyer, A., J. A. Barth, P. M. Kosro, R. K. Shearman, and R. L. Smith, 1998: Upper-ocean water mass characteristics of the California Current, summer 1993. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45, 1411–1442.
-
Jerónimo, G., and J. Gómez-Valdés, 2007: A subsurface warm-eddy off northern Baja California in July 2004. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06610, doi:10.1029/2006GL028851.
-
Johnson, G. C., and K. E. McTaggart, 2010: Equatorial Pacific 13°C water eddies in the eastern subtropical South Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 226–236.
-
Johnson, W. K., L. A. Miller, N. E. Sutherland, and C. S. Wong, 2005: Iron transport by mesoscale Haida eddies in the Gulf of Alaska. Deep-Sea Res. II, 52, 933–953.
-
Joyce, T. M., 1977: A note on the lateral mixing of water masses. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 626–629.
-
Kosro, P. M., 2002: A poleward jet and an equatorward undercurrent observed off Oregon and northern California, during the 1997–98 El Niño. Prog. Oceanogr., 54, 343–360.
-
Kosro, P. M., and Coauthors, 1991: The structure of the transition zone between coastal waters and the open ocean off Northern California, winter and spring 1987. J. Geophys. Res., 96 (C8), 14 707–14 730.
-
Kurian, J., F. Colas, X. Capet, J. C. McWilliams, and D. B. Chelton, 2011: Eddy properties in the California Current System. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C08027, doi:10.1029/2010JC006895.
-
Ladd, C., W. R. Crawford, C. E. Harpold, W. K. Johnson, N. B. Kachel, P. J. Stabeno, and F. Whitney, 2009: A synoptic survey of young mesoscale eddies in the Eastern Gulf of Alaska. Deep-Sea Res. II, 56, 2460–2473.
-
Lam, P. J., J. K. B. Bishop, C. C. Henning, M. A. Marcus, G. A. Waychunas, and I. Y. Fung, 2006: Wintertime phytoplankton bloom in the subarctic Pacific supported by continental margin iron. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB1006, doi:10.1029/2005GB002557.
-
Lentz, S. J., and J. H. Trowbridge, 1991: The bottom boundary layer over the northern California shelf. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1186–1201.
-
Le Traon, P., 1990: A method for optimal analysis of fields with spatially variable mean. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13 543–13 547.
-
Lilliefors, H. W., 1967: On the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality with mean and variance unknown. J. Amer. Stat. Assoc., 62, 399–402.
-
Lukas, R., and F. Santiago-Mandujano, 2001: Extreme water mass anomaly observed in the Hawaii Ocean time-series. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2931–2934.
-
Lynn, R. J., and J. J. Simpson, 1987: The California Current System: The seasonal variability of its physical characteristics. J. Geophys. Res., 92 (C12), 12 947–12 966.
-
MacFadyen, A., B. M. Hickey, and W. P. Cochlan, 2008: Influences of the Juan de Fuca Eddy on circulation, nutrients, and phytoplankton production in the northern California Current System. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08008, doi:10.1029/2007JC004412.
-
Mackas, D. L., K. L. Denman, and A. F. Bennett, 1987: Least squares multiple tracer analysis of water mass composition. J. Geophys. Res., 92 (C3), 2907–2918.
-
Margolina, T., C. A. Collins, T. A. Rago, R. G. Paquette, and N. Garfield, 2006: Intermediate level Lagrangian subsurface measurements in the northeast Pacific: Isobaric RAFOS float data. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q09002, doi:10.1029/2006GC001295.
-
Martin, J. P., C. M. Lee, C. C. Eriksen, C. Ladd, and N. B. Kachel, 2009: Glider observations of kinematics in a Gulf of Alaska eddy. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C12021, doi:10.1029/2008JC005231.
-
Masson, D., 2006: Seasonal water mass analysis for the straits of Juan de Fuca and Georgia. Atmos.–Ocean, 44, 1–15.
-
McCreary, J. P., 1981: A linear stratified ocean model of the coastal undercurrent. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A302, 385–413.
-
McCreary, J. P., P. J. Kundu, and S.-Y. Chao, 1987: On the dynamics of the California Current system. J. Mar. Res., 45, 1–32.
-
McIntosh, P. C., 1990: Oceanographic data interpolation: Objective analysis and splines. J. Geophys. Res., 95 (C8), 13 529–13 541.
-
McWilliams, J. C., 1985: Submesoscale, coherent vortices in the ocean. Rev. Geophys., 23, 165–182.
-
McWilliams, J. C., 2006: Fundamentals of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 249 pp.
-
McWilliams, J. C., and P. R. Gent, 1986: The evolution of sub-mesoscale, coherent vortices on the beta plane. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 35 (1–4), 235–255.
-
Meschanov, S. L., and G. I. Shapiro, 1998: A young lens of Red Sea water in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I, 45, 1–13.
-
Munk, W., 1981: Internal waves and small-scale processes. Evolution of Physical Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, Eds., MIT Press, 264–291.
-
Nicholson, D., S. Emerson, and C. C. Eriksen, 2008: Net community production in the deep euphotic zone of the subtropical North Pacific gyre from glider surveys. Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2226–2236.
-
Okkonen, S. R., T. J. Weingartner, S. L. Danielson, D. L. Musgrave, and G. M. Schmidt, 2003: Satellite and hydrographic observations of eddy-induced shelf–slope exchange in the northwestern Gulf of Alaska. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3033, doi:10.1029/2002JC001342.
-
Perry, M. J., B. S. Sackmann, C. C. Eriksen, and C. M. Lee, 2008: Seaglider observations of blooms and subsurface chlorophyll maxima off the Washington Coast. Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2169–2179.
-
Pierce, S. D., R. L. Smith, P. M. Kosro, J. A. Barth, and C. D. Wilson, 2000: Continuity of the poleward undercurrent along the eastern boundary of the mid-latitude North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47, 811–829.
-
Prater, M. D., and T. B. Sanford, 1994: A Meddy off Cape St. Vincent. Part I: Description. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1572–1586.
-
Richardson, P. L., M. S. McCartney, and C. Malliard, 1991: A search for Meddies in historical data. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 15, 241–265.
-
Richardson, P. L., A. S. Bower, and W. Zenk, 2000: A census of Meddies tracked by floats. Prog. Oceanogr., 45, 209–250.
-
Riser, S. C., W. B. Owens, H. T. Rossby, and C. C. Ebbesmeyer, 1986: The structure, dynamics, and origin of a small-scale lens of water in the western North Atlantic thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 572–590.
-
Ruddick, B. R., and D. Hebert, 1988: The mixing of Meddy “Sharon.” Small-Scale Mixing and Turbulence in the Ocean, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 46, 249–261.
-
Ruddick, B. R., and K. Richards, 2003: Oceanic thermohaline intrusions: Observations. Prog. Oceanogr., 56, 499–527.
-
Rudnick, D. L., and S. T. Cole, 2011: On sampling the ocean using underwater gliders. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C08010, doi:10.1029/2010JC006849.
-
Schultz Tokos, K., and T. Rossby, 1991: Kinematics and dynamics of a Mediterranean salt lens. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 879–892.
-
Siedlecki, S. A., A. Mahadevan, and D. E. Archer, 2012: Mechanism for export of sediment-derived iron in an upwelling regime. Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, Q09002,doi:10.1029/2006GC001295.
-
Simpson, J. J., and R. J. Lynn, 1990: A mesoscale eddy dipole in the offshore California Current. J. Geophys. Res., 95 (C8), 13 009–13 022.
-
Strub, P., and C. James, 2000: Altimeter-derived variability of surface velocities in the California Current System: 2. Seasonal circulation and eddy statistics. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47, 831–870.
-
Talley, L. D., 1988: Potential vorticity distribution in the North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 89–106.
-
Thomson, R. E., and M. V. Krassovski, 2010: Poleward reach of the California Undercurrent extension. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C09027, doi:10.1029/2010JC006280.
-
Todd, R. E., D. L. Rudnick, and R. E. Davis, 2009: Monitoring the greater San Pedro Bay region using autonomous underwater gliders during fall of 2006. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C06001, doi:10.1029/2008JC005086.
-
Todd, R. E., D. L. Rudnick, M. R. Mazloff, R. E. Davis, and B. D. Cornuelle, 2011: Poleward flows in the southern California Current System: Glider observations and numerical simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C02026, doi:10.1029/2010JC006536.
-
Todd, R. E., D. L. Rudnick, M. R. Mazloff, B. D. Cornuelle, and R. E. Davis, 2012: Thermohaline structure in the California Current System: Observations and modeling of spice variance. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C02008, doi:10.1029/2011JC007589.
-
van Ballegooyen, R. C., M. L. Gründlingh, and J. R. E. Lutjeharms, 1994: Eddy fluxes of heat and salt from the southwest Indian Ocean into the southeast Atlantic Ocean: A case study. J. Geophys. Res., 99 (C7), 14 053–14 070.
-
Welch, B. L., 1947: The generalization of ‘Student's' problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika, 34 (1/2), 28–35.
-
Werner, F. E., and B. M. Hickey, 1984: The role of a longshore pressure gradient in Pacific Northwest coastal dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 395–410.
-
Whitney, F. A., and H. J. Freeland, 1999: Variability in upper-ocean water properties in the NE Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 2351–2370.
-
Whitney, F. A., and M. Robert, 2002: Structure of Haida eddies and their transport of nutrient from coastal margins into the NE Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 715–723.
-
Whitney, F. A., W. R. Crawford, and P. J. Harrison, 2005: Physical processes that enhance nutrient transport and primary productivity in the coastal and open ocean of the subarctic NE Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 52 (5–6), 681–706.
-
Xiu, P., A. P. Palacz, F. Chai, E. G. Roy, and M. L. Wells, 2011: Iron flux induced by Haida eddies in the Gulf of Alaska. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L13607, doi:10.1029/2011GL047946.
-
Yamazaki, H., and R. Lueck, 1987: Turbulence in the California Undercurrent. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1378–1396.
-
Fig . 1.Seaglider sampling pattern over WA continental slope. (a) WA slope bathymetry [obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (GEODAS) 1-min gridded data; http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html], Seaglider dive midpoint (black circle) and track (thin black line) locations, and overlay of the intended navigational track for CF (blue) and GH (red) transects. Black labels show WA and Vancouver Island, British Columbia (BC). Bathymetry is contoured at 100- and 200-m depth, at intervals of 200 m for depths of 200–1000 m, and at intervals of 500 m for depths greater than 1000 m. The 200-m isobath is in boldface. (b) Pattern occupation by year. Transit along the CF line is in blue, GH in red, with transect boundaries (turnaround points) indicated by black vertical lines.
-
Fig . 2.Water mass characteristics over the continental slope. (a) θ–S-depth diagram for profiles collected within 50 km from the shelf break off CF. Values are normalized such that their area integral in θ–S space is equal to 1, making each an empirical probability density function (PDF). Gray contours are σθ in intervals of 0.5 kg m−3. The σθ = 26.55 kg m−3 contour is also shown in light dashed gray. Green contours are of πθ in intervals of 0.5 kg m−3. (b) As in (a), but for GH. (c) Histogram of πθ along σθ = 26.55 kg m−3 for profiles collected in the offshore region (OFF, green), CF inshore region (blue) and GH inshore region (red). Offshore region is defined as >50 km from the shelf break. (d) Difference in average salinity along isopycnals (from σθ = 25.8 to 27.2 kg m−3 in intervals of 0.005 kg m−3) between the inshore regions of GH and CF (〈S〉GH − 〈S〉CF). Dark gray line is the difference in means and light gray lines are 95% confidence bounds from a Welch's unpaired t test for differences of means between two populations.
