As part of the U.K. contribution to the international Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study, a series of three related projects—DOGEE, SEASAW, and HiWASE—undertook experimental studies of the processes controlling the physical exchange of gases and sea spray aerosol at the sea surface. The studies share a common goal: to reduce the high degree of uncertainty in current parameterization schemes. The wide variety of measurements made during the studies, which incorporated tracer and surfactant release experiments, included direct eddy correlation fluxes, detailed wave spectra, wind history, photographic retrievals of whitecap fraction, aerosolsize spectra and composition, surfactant concentration, and bubble populations in the ocean mixed layer. Measurements were made during three cruises in the northeast Atlantic on the RRS Discovery during 2006 and 2007; a fourth campaign has been making continuous measurements on the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront since September 2006. This paper provides an overview of the three projects and some of the highlights of the measurement campaigns.
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands
University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
Finnish Meteorological Institute and University of Helsinki, Finland
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Norway
University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
UHI Millennium Institute, Thurso, United Kingdom
ADDITIONAL AFFILIATION: TNO B&O, Utrecht, The Netherlands
A supplement to this article is available online (10.1175/2008BAMS2578.2)
