- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Forecast challenges and impacts
- 3. Current physical understanding of extratropical transition
- a. Classifications of extratropical transition
- b. PV thinking—An aid to understanding extratropical transition
- c. Interaction with environmental vertical shear during the transformation phase
- d. Midlatitude circulations and trough interaction
- e. Latent heat release and convection
- f. Underlying surface
- g. Frontogenesis
- h. Precipitation
- i. Energetics
- 4. Future directions
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